《写作通 4》

第一章语言和学习1

PART ONEIdeas for Writing2

Reading for Ideas:"Want to Learn a Language?Don't Make It a Mount Everest,"by Tish Durkin5

THINKING CRITICALLY Recognizing Cultural Humor8

PART TWOLanguage for Writing10

Describing Foreign Language Learning10

PART THREESystems for Writing12

Essay Form and Function12

Focus on Testing:Editing for Correct Form and Function16

PART FOUR Evaluating for Rewriting17

第二章危险和冒险21

PART ONEIdeas for Writing22

Reading for Ideas:Excerpt from Annapurna:A Woman's Place,by Arlene Blum27

THINKING CRITICALLY Applying New Information31

PART TWOLanguage for Writing33

Describing Explorers33

PART THREESystems for Writing34

The Thesis Statement:Topic and Angle34

Supporting Ideas36

Focus on Testing:Planning a Good Thesis Statement41

PART FOUR Evaluating for Rewriting42

第三章男人和女人45

PART ONE Ideas for Writing46

Reading for Ideas:Excerpt from You Just Don't Understand,by Deborah Tannen48

THINKING CRITICALLY Recognizing Supporting Information52

PART TWOLanguage for Writing54

Describing Communication Differences Between Men and Women54

PART THREESystems for Writing55

Paragraph Development55

Focus on Testing:Pretending You're the Reader58

PART FOUR Evaluating for Rewriting59

第四章古今之谜63

PART ONEIdeas for Writing64

Reading for ideas:"The Giza Pyramids"68

THINKING CRITICALLY Using Your Knowledge of Word Parts71

PART TWOLanguage for Writing72

Speculating72

Describing Ancient Structures or Monuments74

PART THREESystems for Writing76

Types of Supporting Material76

Focus on Testing:Choosing a Familiar Topic80

PART FOUR Evaluating for Rewriting81

第五章人生转折85

PART ONEIdeas for Writing86

Reading for Ideas:"Adolescence and Adulthood"90

THINKING CRITICALLY Classifying Information94

PART TWOLanguage for Writing96

Discussing Rites of Passage96

PART THREESystems for Writing98

Organizing Supporting Material98

Interpreting Supporting Material99

Focus on Testing:Editing for Good Organization and Development102

PART FOUR Evaluating for Rewriting102

第六章大脑105

PART ONEIdeas for Writing106

Reading for Ideas:"The Dream That Haunts You,"by Kristin von Kreisler108

THINKING CRITICALLY Interpreting Symbols112

PART TWOLanguage for Writing113

Interpreting Dreams113

PART THREESystems for Writing115

Paragraph Organization:Levels of Generality115

Focus on Testing:"Drawing"YourIdeas118

PART FOUR Evaluating for Rewriting121

第七章工作125

PART ONEIdeas for Writing126

Reading for Ideas:"Decision by Consensus"by Alison R.Lanier129

THINKING CRITICALLY Applying New Information133

PART TWOLanguage for Writing134

Describing Work in a Multicultural Setting134

Describing Causes and Effects135

PART THREESystems for Writing136

Cause and Effect136

Causal Chain Essay Organization Ⅰ138

Causal Chain Essay Organization Ⅱ139

Focus on Testing:Having a Repertoire of Organizational Patterns139

PART FOUR Evaluating for Rewriting141

第八章突破145

PART ONEIdeas for Writing146

Reading for Ideas:"Here Comes the Sun,"by John Greenwald149

THINKING CRITICALLY Expanding the Literal Meanings of Words152

PART TWOLanguage for Writing154

Discussing Energy154

Describing How Things Work154

PART THREESystems for Writing156

Processes156

Focus on Testing:Considering the Audience157

PART FOUR Evaluating for Rewriting158

第九章艺术和娱乐161

PART ONEIdeas for Writing162

Reading for Ideas:"African Art as Nonverbal Communication,"by Thelma R.Newman165

THINKING CRITICALLY Applying What You've Learned168

PART TWOLanguage for Writing169

Analyzing and Describing Art169

PART THREESystems for Writing171

Introductions and Conclusions171

Focus on Testing:Having a Repertoire of Introductions and Conclusions173

PART FOUR Evaluating for Rewriting174

第十章伦理问题177

PART ONEIdeas for Writing178

Reading for Ideas:Selections from Turtle Island,by Gary Snyder180

THINKING CRITICALLY Interpreting Metaphors185

PART TWOLanguage for Writing186

Using Abstract Nouns186

Giving Definitions187

PART THREESystems for Writing188

Definitions:Literal and Stipulated188

Focus on Testing:Brainstorming to Get Started190

PART FOUR Evaluating for Rewriting191

第十一章医药193

PART ONEIdeas for Writing194

Reading for Ideas:"The Shaman and the Scientist,"by Elizabeth Royte197

THINKING CRITICALLY Making Predictions200

PART TWO Language for Writing202

Understanding Prefixes and Suffixes in Medical Terminology202

Reviewing Transitions203

PART THREESystems for Writing205

Comparisons205

Focus on Testing:Getting Your Thesis Right208

PART FOUR Evaluating for Rewriting209

第十二章未来213

PART ONEIdeas for Writing214

Reading for Ideas:"Computers Make the Workplace Less Friendly," by Curt Suplee217

THINKING CRITICALLY Considering Both Points of View220

PART TWOLanguage for Writing222

Using Computer Terminology222

Making Qualified Predictions223

PART THREESystems for Writing224

Summarizing224

Focus on Testing:Mastering the Art of Summary Writing227

RART FOUR Evaluating for Rewriting228