《plant pathology fourth edition P635》求取 ⇩

part one GENERAL ASPECTS3

chapter oneINTRODUCTION3

Plant Pathology： The Science3

The Concept of Disease in Plants4

Types of Plant Diseases4

History of Plant Pathology7

The Role o f Fungi in Plant Disease10

Discovery o f Other Pathogens as Causes of Plant Disease12

Serious Plant Diseases o f Unknown Etiology13

Early Development o f Plant Pathology13

The Search for Control o f Plant Diseases14

Interest in the Mechanisms by Which PathogensCause Disease17

The Concept o f Genetic Inheritance o f Resistance and Pathogenicity18

Epidemiology o f Plant Disease Comes o f Age19

Molecular Plant Pathology19

Development o f Plant Pathology Worldwide20

Trends in Teaching and Training in Plant Pathology22

Education and Information Technology in Plant Pathology23

Plant Disease Clinics23

Plant Pathology： The Practice23

Certification of Professional Plant Pathologists25

Significance of Plant Diseases25

Kinds and Amounts o f Losses25

Some Historical and Present Examples of Losses Caused by Plant Diseases28

Plant Diseases and World Crop Production28

Effects o f Changes in Agricultural Methods and in Human Society on the Development and Spread of Plant Diseases34

Basic Procedures in the Diagnosis of Plant Diseases37

Pathogen or Environment?37

Infectious Diseases37

Noninfectious Diseases39

Identification of a Previously Unknown Disease：Koch’s Rules39

chapter two PARASITISM AND DISEASE DEVELOPMENT43

Parasitism and Pathogenicity43

Host Range of Pathogens44

Development of Disease in Plants45

Stages in the Development of Disease：The Disease Cycle45

Inoculation45

Prepenetration Phenomena46

Penetration48

Infection53

Invasion54

Growth and reproduction of the pathogen（colonization）54

Dissemination o f the Pathogen56

Overwintering and/or Oversummering of Pathogens59

Relationships between Disease Cycles and Epidemics61

chapter three HOW PATHOGENS ATTACK PLANTS63

Mechanical Forces Exerted by Pathogens on Host Tissues63

Chemical Weapons of Pathogens65

Enzymes in Plant Disease65

Microbial Toxins in Plant Disease73

Growth Regulators in Plant Disease77

Polysaccharides81

Suppressors of Plant Defense Responses81

chapter four EFFECTS OF PATHOGENS ON PLANT PHYSIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS83

Effects of Pathogens on Photosynthesis83

Effect of Pathogens on Translocation of Water and Nutrients in the Host Plant85

Interference with Upward Translocation o f Water and Inorganic Nutrients85

Interference with the Translocation o f Organic Nutrients through the Phloem86

Effect of Pathogens on Host Plant Respiration87

Respiration o f Diseased Plants88

Effect of Pathogens on Permeability of Cell Membranes89

Effects of Pathogens on Transcription and Translation90

Effect on Transcription90

Effect on Translation91

chapter five HOW PLANTS DEFEND THEMSELVES AGAINST PATHOGENS93

Preexisting Structural and Chemical Defenses93

Preexisting Defense Structures93

Preexisting Chemical Defenses94

Induced Structural and Biochemical Defenses96

Recognition o f the Pathogen by the Host Plant96

Transmission o f the Alarm Signal to Host Defense Providers： Signal Transduction96

Induced Structural Defenses96

Cytoplasmic defense reaction97

Cell wall defense structures97

Histological defense structures98

Necrotic defense reaction：defense through the hypersensitive response100

Induced Biochemical Defenses100

The hypersensitive response100

Active oxygen radicals，lipoxygenases，and disruption of cell membranes103

Reinforcement of host cell walls with strengthening molecules103

Production of antimicrobial substances in attacked host cells104

Detoxification of pathogen toxins108

Immunization of plants against pathogens108

Local and systemic acquired resistance108

Defense through genetically engineering disease resistant plants112

chapter six GENETICS OF PLANT DISEASE115

Introduction115

Genes and Disease116

Variability in Organisms117

Mechanisms of Variability118

General Mechanisms of Variability118

Specialized Mechanisms of Variability in Pathogens119

Stages of Variation in Pathogens121

Types of Plant Resistance to Pathogens122

True Resistance122

Apparent Resistance124

Genetics of Virulence in Pathogens and of Resistance in Ho st Plants125

The Gene-for-Gene Concept126

The Nature o f Resistance to Disease128

Genetics of Resistance through the Hypersensitive Response129

Breeding of Resistant Varieties135

Natural Variability in Plants135

Effects o f Plant Breeding on Variability in Plants135

Plant Breeding for Disease Resistance136

chapter seven ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF INFECTIOUS PLANT DISEASE144

Effect of Temperature144

Effect of Moisture146

Effect of Wind148

Effect of Light149

Effect of Soil pH and Soil Structure149

Effect of Host-Plant Nutrition149

Effect of Herbicides151

chapter eight PLANT DISEASE EPIDEMIOLOGY153

The Elements of an Epidemic153

Host Factors That Affect the Development of Epidemics155

Pathogen Factors That Affect Development of Epidemics156

Environmental Factors That Affect Development of Epidemics158

Effect o f Human Cultural Practices and Control Measures158

Measurement of Plant Disease and of Yield Loss159

Patterns of Epidemics160

Comparison of Epidemics162

Development of Epidemics163

Modeling of Plant Disease Epidemics165

Computer Simulation of Epidemics166

Forecasting Plant Disease Epidemics167

Assessment o f Initial Inoculum and of Disease167

Monitoring Weather Factors That Affect Disease Development167

Examples o f Plant Disease Forecast Systems168

Disease-Warning Systems170

Development and Use o f Expert Systems in Plant Pathology171

chapter nine CONTROL OF PLANT DISEASES174

Control Methods That Exclude the Pathogen from the Host174

Quarantines and Inspections174

Evasion or Avoidance of Pathogen175

Use o f Pathogen-Free Propagating Material175

Control Methods That Eradicate or Reduce Pathogen Inoculum177

Cultural Methods That Eradicate or Reduce the Inoculum178

Biological Methods That Eradicate or Reduce the Inoculum181

Physical Methods That Eradicate or Reduce the Inoculum188

Chemical Methods That Eradicate or Reduce the Inoculum190

Disease Control by Immunizing， or Improving the Resistance of， the Host192

Cross Protection193

Induced Resistance：Systemic Acquired Resistance193

Plant Defense Activators193

Improving the Growing Conditions of Plants194

Use o f Resistant Varieties194

Direct Protection of Plants from Pathogens195

Direct Protection by Biological Controls195

Fungal antagonists 196；Bacterial antagonists197

Biological Control of Weeds199

Direct Protection by Chemical Controls200

Methods of application of chemicals for plant disease control203

Types of chemicals used for plant disease control208

Inorganic chemicals used for plant disease control208

Organic chemicals：contact protective fungicides209

Organic compounds： systemic fungicides210

Miscellaneous organic fungicides212

Antibiotics212

Plant oils and petroleum oils213

Growth regulators213

Nematicides213

Mechanisms of action of chemicals used to control plant diseases214

Resistance of pathogens to chemicals215

Restrictions on chemical control of plant diseases216

Integrated Control of Plant Diseases216

Integrated Control in a Perennial Crop217

Integrated Control in an Annual Crop218

part two SPECIFIC PLANT DISEASES225

chapter ten ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS THAT CAUSE PLANT DISEASES225

Introduction225

General Characteristics225

Diagnosis225

Control226

Temperature Effects226

High-Temperature Effects227

Low-Temperature Effects228

Low-Temperature Effects on Indoor Plants228

Mechanisms of Low- and High-Temperature Injury to Plants230

Moisture Effects230

Low Soil Moisture Effects230

Low Relative Humidity Effects231

High Soil Moisture Effects231

Inadequate Oxygen232

Light232

Air Pollution233

Air Pollutants and Kinds of injury to Plants233

Main Sources o f Air Pollutants234

How Air Pollutants Affect Plants234

Acid Rain236

Nutritional Deficiencies in Plants236

Soil Minerals Toxic to Plants238

Herbicide Injury240

Other Improper Agricultural Practices241

The Often Confused Etiology of Stress Diseases242

chapter eleven PLANT DISEASE CAUSED BY FUNGI245

Introduction245

Characteristics of Plant Pathogenic Fungi245

Morphology245

Reproduction246

Ecology246

Dissemination248

Classification of Plant Pathogenic Fungi248

Fungallike Organisms or Pseudofungi248

The True Fungi249

Identification254

Symptoms Caused by Fungi on Plants254

Isolation o f Fungi （and Bacteria）255

Preparing for Isolation255

Isolating the Pathogen257

Life Cycles of Fungi258

Control of Fungal Diseases of Plants259

Diseases Caused by Fungallike Organisms260

Diseases Caused by Myxomycota （Myxomycetes）260

Diseases Caused by Plasmodiophoromycetes263

Clubroot of crucifers263

Diseases Caused by the Chromistan Fungallike Oomycetes266

Pythium Seed Rot，Damping-off， Root Rot，and Soft Rot266

Phytophthora Diseases270

Phytophthora root and stem rots270

Late blight of potatoes274

The Downy Mildews278

Downy mildew of grape280

Diseases Caused by True Fungi283

Diseases Caused by Chytridiomycota（Chytridiomycetes）283

Diseases Caused by Zygomycetes283

Rhizopus soft rot of fruits and vegetables285

Diseases Caused by Ascomycetes and Imperfect （Asexual）Fungi286

Sooty Molds289

Leaf Curl Diseases Caused by Tapbrina293

The Powdery Mildews295

Powdery mildew of rose297

Foliar Diseases Caused by Ascomycetes and Imperfect Fungi298

Alternaria diseases300

Rice blast disease303

Black rot of grape304

Needle casts and blights of conifers304

Mycospbaerella diseases307

Banana leaf spot，or Sigatoka disease307

Cucurbit gummy stem blight307

Cerospora diseases309

Septoria diseases310

Cochliobolus and Pyrenophora diseases of cereals and grasses310

Stem and Twig Cankers Caused by Ascomycetes and Imperfect Fungi317

Dothichiza canker of poplar318

Black knot of plum and cherry319

Chestnut blight319

Nectria canker319

Leucostoma canker321

Antbracnose Diseases Caused by Ascomycetes and Imperfect Fungi324

Black spot of rose324

Glomerella diseases325

Gnomonia anthracnose and leaf spot diseases328；Colletotrichum （Gloeosporium） diseases329

Fruit and General Diseases Caused by Ascomycetes and Imperfect Fungi331

Ergot of cereals and grasses332

Apple scab334

Brown rot of stone fruits336

Botrytis diseases339

Vascular Wilts Caused by Ascomycetes and Imperfect Fungi342

Fusarium wilts343

Fusarium wilt of tomato343

Verticillium wilts346

Ophiostoma （Ceratocystis）wilt of elm trees：Dutch elm disease346

Root and Stem Rots Caused by Ascomycetes and Imperfect Fungi350

Gibberella diseases351

Fusarium root and stem rots of nongrain crops352

Take-all of wheat354

Sclerotinia diseases355

Pbymatotrichum root rot358

Postharvest Diseases o f Plant Products Caused by Ascomycetes and Imperfect Fungi359

Postharvest decays of fruits and vegetables361

Alternaria361

Botrytis362

Fusarium，Geotrichuni，Penicillium，Sclerotinia363

Control of postharvest decays of fresh fruits and vegetables364

Postharvest decays of grain and legume seeds364；Mycotoxins and mycotoxicoses365； Aflatoxins365

Fusarium toxins366

Other Aspergillus toxins andPenicillium toxins366

Diseases Caused by Basidiomycetes368

The Rusts368

Cereal rusts371

Stem rust of wheat and other cereals371

Cedar-apple rust375

Coffee rust375

Rusts of forest trees377

White pine blister rust378

Fusiform rust380

The Smuts382

Corn smut382

Kernel smuts of small grains384

Loose smut of cereals384

Covered smut，or bunt，of wheat387

Root and Stem Rots Caused by Basidiomycetes389

Root and stem rot diseases caused by the “sterile fungi”Rhizoctonia and Sclerotium390

Rhizoctonia diseases390

Sclerotium diseases395

Root rots of trees397

Armillaria root rot of fruit and forest trees397

Wood Rots and Decays Caused by Basidiomycetes399

Mycorrhizae404

Ectomycorrhizae404

Endonnycorrhizae404

chapter twelve PLANT DISEASES CAUSED BY PROKARYOTES：BACTERIA AND MOLLICUTES407

Introduction407

Plant Diseases Caused by Bacteria408

Characteristics of Plant Pathogenic Bacteria409

Morphology409

Reproduction411

Ecology and Spread412

Identification of Bacteria412

Symptoms Caused by Bacteria415

Control o f Bacterial Diseases of Plants415

Bacterial Spots and Blights416

Wildfire of tobacco417

Bacterial blights of bean418

Angular leaf spot of cucumber419

Angular leaf spot of cotton420

Bacterial leaf spots and blights of cereals and grasses421

Bacterial spot of tomato and pepper421

Bacterial speck of tomato422

Bacterial spot of stone fruits422

Bacterial Vascular Wilts423

Bacterial wilt of cucurbits424

Fire blight of pear and apple426

Ring rot of potato429

Bacterial canker and wilt of tomato430

Southern bacterial wilt of solanaceous plants and Moko disease of banana431

Black rot of crucifers433

Bacterial Soft Rots434

Bacterial soft rots of vegetables435

Bacterial Galls438

Crown gall438

Bacterial Cankers441

Bacterial canker and gummosis of stone fruit trees442

Citrus canker445

Bacterial Scabs449

Common scab of potato449

Root Nodules of Legumes451

Plant Diseases Caused by Fastidious Vascular Bacteria453

Pierce’s disease of grape455

Citrus variegated chlorosis456

Ratoon stunting of sugarcane456

Plant Diseases Caused by Mollicutes：Phytoplasmas and Spiroplasmas457

Properties of True Mycoplasmas457

Phytoplasmas458

Spiroplasmas460

Other Organisms That Resemble Mollicutes：L-Forms of Bacteria462

Examples of Plant Diseases Caused by Mollicutes462

Aster yellows462

Lethal yellowing of coconut palms464

Elm yellows（phloem necrosis）465

Peach X-disease465

Pear decline467

Citrus stubborn disease467

Corn stunt disease469

chapter thirteen PLANT DISEASES CAUSED BY PARASITIC HIGHER PLANTS471

Introduction471

Dodder471

Witchweed473

Broomrapes475

Dwarf Mistletoes of Conifers475

True or Leafy Mistletoes477

chapter fourteen PLANT DISEASES CAUSED BY VIRUSES479

Introduction479

Characteristics of Plant Viruses479

Detection480

Morphology480

Composition and Structure480

Satellite Viruses and Satellite RNAs484

The Biological Function of Viral Components：Coding485

Virus Infection and Virus Synthesis485

Translocation and Distribution of Viruses in Plants488

Symptoms Caused by Plant Viruses489

Physiology of Virus-Infected Plants491

Transmission of Plant Viruses491

Transmission of Viruses by Vegetative Propagation492

Mechanical Transmission o f Viruses through Sap492

Seed Transmission494

Pollen Transmission494

Insect Transmission494

Mite Transmission495

Nematode Transmission495

Fungus Transmission496

Dodder Transmission496

Epidemiology of Plant Viruses and Viroids496

Purification of Plant Viruses497

Serology of Plant Viruses497

Nomenclature and Classification of Plant Viruses500

Detection and Identification of Plant Viruses503

Economic Importance of Plant Viruses505

Control of Plant Viruses505

Diseases Caused by Rigid Rod-Shaped Viruses508

Diseases Caused by Tobamoviruses：Tobacco Mosaic Virus508

Diseases Caused by Tobraviruses510

Diseases Caused by Furoviruses510

Diseases Caused by Hordeiviruses511

Diseases Caused by Filamentous Viruses512

Diseases Caused by Potexviruses512

Diseases Caused by Carlaviruses512

Diseases Caused by Capilloviruses and Trichoviruses512

Diseases Caused by Potyviridae513

Diseases Caused by Potyviruses513

Bean common mosaic and bean yellow mosaic515

Lettuce mosaic515

Papaya ringspot516

Plum pox517

Potato virus Y517

sugarcane mosaic518

Tobacco etch518

Turnip mosaic519

Watermelon mosaic519

Zucchini yellow mosaic519

Diseases Caused by Rymoviruses and Bymoviruses519

Diseases Caused by Closteroviruses519

Beet yellows519

Citrus tristeza519

Lettuce infectious yellows521

Diseases Caused by Isometric Single-Stranded RNA Viruses523

Diseases Caused by Waikaviruses523

Rice tungro523

Maize chlorotic dwarf525

Diseases Caused by Luteoviruses525

Beet western yellows525

Potato leafroll525

Barley yellow dwarf525

Diseases Caused by Comoviridae527

Diseases Caused by Comoviruses527

Diseases Caused by Nepoviruses528

Tomato ring spot528

Cherry leaf roll528

Grapevine fanleaf529

Raspberry yellow dwarf，raspberry ring spot，and raspberry leaf curl529

Diseases Caused by Brommoviridae530

Diseases Caused by Cucumoviruses530

Cucumber mosaic531

Diseases Caused by Ilarviruses532

Prunus necrotic ring spot533

Diseases Caused by Isometric Double-Stranded RNA Viruses534

Diseases Caused by Reoviridae536

Diseases Caused by Negative RNA[（一）ssRNA]Viruses538

Plant Diseases Caused by Rhabdoviruses538

Plant Diseases Caused by Tospoviruses539

Plant Diseases Caused by Tenuiviruses541

Diseases Caused by Double-Stranded DNA Viruses545

Diseases Caused by Caulimoviruses545

Diseases Caused by Badnaviruses546

Diseases Caused by Single-Stranded DNA Viruses547

Plant Diseases Caused by Geminiviruses547

Maize streak551

Beet curly top551

African cassava mosaic551

Bean golden mosaic552

Squash leaf curl553

Tomato mottle553

Tomato yellow leaf curl554

Plant Diseases Caused by Isometric Single-Stranded DNA Viruses554

Banana bunchy top555

Viroids556

Plant Diseases Caused by Viroids556

Potato spindle tuber560

Citrus exocortis560

Coconut cadang-cadang561

chapter fifteen PLANT DISEASES CAUSED BY NEMATODES565

Introduction565

Characteristics of Plant Pathogenic Nematodes565

Morphology565

Anatomy565

Life Cycles566

Ecology and Spread566

Classification568

Isolation of Nematodes569

Isolation of Nematodes from Soil569

Isolation of Nematodes from Plant Material570

Symptoms Caused by Nematodes571

How Nematodes Affect Plants571

Interrelationships between Nematodes and Other Plant Pathogens572

Control of Nematodes573

Root-Knot Nematodes：Meloidogyne574

Cyst Nematodes：Heterodera and Globodera577

Soybean cyst nematode：Heterodera glycines577

Sugar beet nematode：Heterodera schachtii579

The Citrus Nematode：Tylenchulus semipenetrans581

Lesion Nematodes：Pratylenchus581

The Burrowing Nematode：Radopbolus583

Stem and Bulb Nematode：Ditylenchus586

Seed-Gall Nematodes： Anguina588

Foliar Nematodes：Aphelencboides590

Pine Wilt and Palm Red Ring Diseases：Bursaphelenchus592

Pine wilt nematode：Bursaphelenchus xylopbilus592

Red ring nematode：Bursapbelencus cocopbilus593

Stubbly-Root Nematodes：Paratricbodorus and Tricbodorus596

chapter sixteen PLANT DISEASES CAUSED BY FLAGELLATE PROTOZOA599

Introduction599

Phloem Necrosis of Coffee601

Hartrot of Coconut Palms604

Sudden Wilt （Marchitez）of Oil Palm604

Empty Root of Cassava605

Glossary607

Index619