《Cardiac auscultation》求取 ⇩

Preface to the Second Edition9

Ⅰ.Historical Aspects of Auscultation of the Heart11

Ⅱ.Importance of Cardiac Auscultation;Audio-Visual Equipment14

Ⅲ.The Physical Principles of Sound19

Ⅳ.The Perception and Recording of Heart Sounds and Murmurs24

Transmission Through the Tissues24

The Stethoscope24

Human Hearing Mechanism26

Major Frequency Ranges of Heart Sounds and Murmurs27

The Stethogram28

Ⅴ.Origin of Heart Sounds and Variations in Health and Disease30

First Heart Sound30

Splitting of the First Heart Sound30

Ejection Sounds32

Second Heart Sound33

Changes in Intensity of Heart Sounds35

Opening of the Mitral and Tricuspid Valves36

Physiologic Third Heart Sound37

Fourth Heart Sound37

Gallop Rhythms-The Role of the Third and Fourth Heart Sounds39

Systolic Click40

Diastolic Sound in Constrictive Pericarditis41

Air Sounds42

Ⅵ.Routine of Auscultation of the Heart43

Ⅶ.On the Nature and Properties of Murmurs46

Mechanism of Production of Murmurs46

Classification of Murmurs for Clinical Usage48

Timing49

Duration49

Intensity49

Pitch and Quality50

Constancy50

Location50

Etiologic History50

Pathologic Murmurs51

Nonpathologic Murmurs52

Ⅷ.Disorders of Heart Rhythm and Conduction53

Temporal Variation of the Cardiac Cycles53

Variation in the Intensity of the First and Second Heart Sounds53

Abnormal Splitting of Sounds54

Audible Atrial Sounds56

Ⅸ.The Auscultatory Findings in Acquired Heart Disease Systolic Murmurs57

Mitral Insufficiency57

Mitral Incompetence60

Tricuspid Insufficiency61

Tricuspid Incompetence61

Aortic Stenosis62

Dilatation of the Ascending Aorta63

Dilatation of the Pulmonary Artery64

Evaluation of Systolic Murmurs65

Diastolic Murmurs66

Mitral Stenosis66

Tricuspid Stenosis75

Aortic Insufficiency76

Aortic Incompetence77

The Austin Flint Murmur77

Pulmonic Insufficiency77

Pulmonic Incompetence (Graham Steell Murmur)78

Combined Lesions78

Arteriovenous Fistula or Anastomosis79

The Venous Hum80

Pericardial Rubs81

Ⅹ.Auscultatory Findings in Congenital Heart Disease83

Atrial Septal Defect85

Partial Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Drainage87

Ventricular Septal Defect87

Eisenmenger's Complex89

Patent Ductus Arteriosus89

Arteriovenous Fistula92

Idopathic Pulmonary Hypertension92

Pulmonic Stenosis with Intact Ventricular Septum92

Tetralogy of Fallot94

Aortic Stenosis97

Coarctation fo the Aorta97

References99

Index101

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