《FUNDAMENTALS OF FLUID MECHANICS FIFTH EDITION》求取 ⇩

1BASIC PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS1

1.1 Some Chaiacteristics of Fluids2

1.2 Dimensions. Dimensional Homogeneity, and Units3

1.2.1 Systems of Units5

1.3 Analysis of Fluid Behavior9

1.4 Measures of Fluid Mass and Weight10

1.4.1 Density10

1.4.2 Specific Weight11

1.4.3 Specific Gravity11

1.5 Ideal Gas Law11

1.6 Viscosity13

1.7 Compressibility of Fluids20

1.7.1 Bulk Modulus20

1.7.2 Compression and Expansion of Gases21

1.7.3 Speed of Sound22

1.8 Vapor Pressure23

1.9 Surface Tension24

1.10 A Brief Look Back in History27

1.11 Chapter Summary and Study Guide29

References30

Review Problems30

Problems31

2FLUIDS ??38

2.1 Pressure at a Point38

2.2 Basic Equation for Pressure Field40

2.3 Pressure Variation in a Fluid at Rest42

2.3.1 Incompressible Fluid42

2.3.2 Compressible Fluid45

2.4 Standard Atmosphere47

2.5 Measurement of Pressure48

2.6 Manometry50

2.6.1 Piezometer Tube50

2.6.2 U-Tube Manometer51

2.6.3 Inclined-Tube Manometer54

2.7 Mechanical and Electronic Pressure Measuring Devices55

2.8 Hydrostatic Force on a Plane Surface57

2.9 Pressure Prism63

2.10 Hydrostatic Force on a Curved Surface67

2.11 Buoyancy, Flotation, and Stability69

2.11.1 Archimedes' Principle69

2.11.2 Stability72

2.12 Pressure Variation in a Fluid with Rigid-Body Motion73

2.12.1 Linear Motion74

2.12.2 Rigid-Body Rotation76

2.13 Chapter Summary and Study Guide78

References79

Review Problems79

Problems79

3FLUIDS IN MOTION-THE BERNOULLI EQUATION94

3.1 Newton's Second Law95

3.2 F = ma along a Streamline97

3.3 F = ma Normal to a Streamline101

3.4 Physical Interpretation104

3.5 Static, Stagnation, Dynamic,and Total Pressure107

3.6 Examples of Use of the Bernoulli Equation112

3.6.1 Free Jets112

3.6.2 Confined Flows114

3.6.3 Flowrate Measurement121

3.7 The Energy Line and the Hydraulic Grade Line125

3.8 Restrictions on Use of the Bernoulli Equation128

3.8.1 Compressibility Effects128

3.8.2 Unsteady Effects131

3.8.3 Rotational Effects133

3.8.4 Other Restrictions134

3.9 Chapter Summary and Study Guide134

References135

Review Problems135

Problems135

4KINEMATICS OF FLUID MOTION150

4.1 The Velocity Field151

4.1.1 Eulerian and Lagrangian Flow Descriptions153

4.1.2 One-, Two-, and Three-Dimensional Flows154

4.1.3 Steady and Unsteady Flows155

4.1.4 Streamlines, Streaklines, and Pathlines156

4.2 The Acceleration Field159

4.2.1 The Material Derivative160

4.2.2 Unsteady Effects162

4.2.3 Convective Effects163

4.2.4 Streamline Coordinates166

4.3 Control Volume and System Representations168

4.4 The Reynolds Transport Theorem170

4.4.1 Derivation of the Reynolds Transport Theorem171

4.4.2 Physical Interpretation177

4.4.3 Relationship to Material Derivative178

4.4.4 Steady Effects178

4.4.5 Unsteady Effects179

4.4.6 Moving Control Volumes180

4.4.7 Selection of a Control Volume182

4.5 Chapter Summary and Study Guide183

References184

Review Problems184

Problems184

5FLOW ANALYSIS USING CONTROL VOLUMES192

5.1 Conservation of Mass—The Continuity Equation193

5.1.1 Derivation of the Continuity Equation193

5.1.2 Fixed, Nondeforming Control Volume195

5.1.3 Moving, Nondeforming Control Volume200

5.1.4 Deforming Control Volume203

5.2 Newton's Second Law—The Linear Momentum and Moment-of-Momentum Equations205

5.2.1 Derivation of the Linear Momentum Equation205

5.2.2 Application of the Linear Momentum Equation206

5.2.3 Derivation of the Moment-of-Momentum Equation221

5.2.4 Application of the Moment-of-Momentum Equation223

5.3 First Law of Thermodynamics—The Energy Equation229

5.3.1 Derivation of the Energy Equation229

5.3.2 Application of the Energy Equation232

5.3.3 Comparison of the Energy Equation with the Bernoulli Equation236

5.3.4 Application of the Energy Equation to Nonuniform Flows242

5.3.5 Combination of the Energy Equation and the Moment-of-Momentum Equation246

5.4 Second Law of Thermodynamics—Irreversible Flow246

5.4.1 Semi-infinitesimal Control Volume Statement of the Energy Equation247

5.4.2 Semi-infinitesimal Control Volume Statement of the Second Law of Thermodynamics247

5.4.3 Combination of the Equations of the First and Second Laws of Thermodynamics248

5.4.4 Application of the Loss Form of the Energy Equation249

5.5 Chapter Summary and Study Guide251

References252

Review Problems252

Problems252

6FLOW ANALYSIS USING DIFFERENTIAL METHODS272

6.1 Fluid Element Kinematics273

6.1.1 Velocity and Acceleration Fields Revisited274

6.1.2 Linear Motion and Deformation275

6.1.3 Angular Motion and Deformation276

6.2 Conservation of Mass279

6.2.1 Differential Form of Continuity Equation279

6.2.2 Cylindrical Polar Coordinates282

6.2.3 The Stream Function282

6.3 Conservation of Linear Momentum285

6.3.1 Description of Forces Acting on the Differential Element286

6.3.2 Equations of Motion289

6.4 Inviscid Flow289

6.4.1 Euler's Equations of Motion290

6.4.2 The Bernoulli Equation290

6.4.3 Irrotational Flow292

6.4.4 The Bernoulli Equation for Irrotational Flow294

6.4.5 The Velocity Potential295

6.5 Some Basic, Plane Potential Flows297

6.5.1 Uniform Flow299

6.5.2 Source and Sink300

6.5.3 Vortex301

6.5.4 Doublet305

6.6 Superposition of Basic, Plane Potential Flows307

6.6.1 Source in a Uniform Stream—Half-Body307

6.6.2 Rankine Ovals311

6.6.3 Flow around a Circular Cylinder312

6.7 Other Aspects of Potential Flow Analysis318

6.8 Viscous Flow319

6.8.1 Stress-Deformation Relationships319

6.8.2 The Naiver-Stokes Equations320

6.9 Some Simple Solutions for Viscous, Incompressible Fluids321

6.9.1 Steady, Laminar Flow between Fixed Parallel Plates322

6.9.2 Couette Flow324

6.9.3 Steady, Laminar Flow in Circular Tubes327

6.9.4 Steady, Axial, Laminar Flow in an Annulus329

6.10 Other Aspects of Differential Analysis332

6.10.1 Numerical Methods332

6.11 Chapter Summary and Study Guide333

References334

Review Problems334

Problems334

7DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS, MODELING, AND SIMILITUDE346

7.1 Dimensional Analysis347

7.2 Buckingham Pi Theorem349

7.3 Determination of Pi Terms350

7.4 Some Additional Comments About Dimensional Analysis355

7.4.1 Selection of Variables356

7.4.2 Determination of Reference Dimensions357

7.4.3 Uniqueness of Pi Terms358

7.5 Determination of Pi Terms by Inspection360

7.6 Common Dimensionless Groups in Fluid Mechanics361

7.7 Correlation of Experimental Data365

7.7.1 Problems with One Pi Term366

7.7.2 Problems with Two or More Pi Terms367

7.8 Modeling and Similitude369

7.8.1 Theory of Models369

7.8.2 Model Scales373

7.8.3 Practical Aspects of Using Models374

7.9 Some Typical Model Studies376

7.9.1 Flow through Closed Conduits376

7.9.2 Flow around Immersed Bodies378

7.9.3 Flow with a Free Surface382

7.10 Similitude Based on Governing Differential Equations386

7.11 Chapter Summary and Study Guide389

References390

Review Problems391

Problems391

8PIPE FLOW401

8.1 General Characteristics of Pipe Flow402

8.1.1 Laminar or Turbulent Flow403

8.1.2 Entrance Region and Fully Developed Flow405

8.1.3 Pressure and Shear Stress406

8.2 Fully Developed Laminar Flow407

8.2.1 From F = ma Applied to a Fluid Element408

8.2.2 From the Navier-Stokes Equations413

8.2.3 From Dimensional Analysis414

8.2.4 Energy Considerations416

8.3 Fully Developed Turbulent Flow418

8.3.1 Transition from Laminar to Turbulent Flow418

8.3.2 Turbulent Shear Stress420

8.3.3 Turbulent Velocity Profile425

8.3.4 Turbulence Modeling429

8.3.5 Chaos and Turbulence429

8.4 Dimensional Analysis of Pipe Flow430

8.4.1 Major Losses430

8.4.2 Minor Losses436

8.4.3 Noncircular Conduits447

8.5 Pipe Flow Examples450

8.5.1 Single Pipes450

8.5.2 Multiple Pipe Systems459

8.6 Pipe Flowrate Measurement464

8.6.1 Pipe Flowrate Meters464

8.6.2 Volume Flow Meters469

8.7 Chapter Summary and Study Guide471

References471

Review Problems472

Problems472

9EXTERNAL FLOW PAST BODIES483

9.1 General External Flow Characteristics484

9.1.1 Lift and Drag Concepts485

9.1.2 Characteristics of Flow Past an Object489

9.2 Boundary Layer Characteristics493

9.2.1 Boundary Layer Structure and Thickness on a Flat Plate493

9.2.2 Prandtl/Blasius Boundary Layer Solution497

9.2.3 Momentum Integral Boundary Layer Equation for a Flat Plate501

9.2.4 Transition from Laminar to Turbulent Flow507

9.2.5 Turbulent Boundary Layer Flow509

9.2.6 Effects of Pressure Gradient513

9.2.7 Momentum-Integral Boundary Layer Equation with Nonzero Pressure Gradient517

9.3 Drag518

9.3.1 Friction Drag519

9.3.2 Pressure Drag520

9.3.3 Drag Coefficient Data and Examples522

9.4 Lift535

9.4.1 Surface Pressure Distribution535

9.4.2 Circulation545

9.5 Chapter Summary and Study Guide549

References550

Review Problems551

Problems551

10FLOW IN OPEN CHANNELS561

10.1 General Characteristics of Open-Channel Flow562

10.2 Surface Waves563

10.2.1 Wave Speed564

10.2.2 Froude Number Effects567

10.3 Energy Considerations568

10.3.1 Specific Energy569

10.3.2 Channel Depth Variations573

10.4 Uniform Depth Channel Flow574

10.4.1 Uniform Flow Approximations575

10.4.2 The Chezy and Manning Equations576

10.4.3 Uniform Depth Examples579

10.5 Gradually Varied Flow586

10.5.1 Classification of Surface Shapes586

10.5.2 Examples of Gradually Varied Flows587

10.6 Rapidly Varied Flow589

10.6.1 The Hydraulic Jump591

10.6.2 Sharp-Crested Weirs595

10.6.3 Broad-Crested Weirs599

10.6.4 Underflow Gates602

10.7 Chapter Summary and Study Guide604

References604

Review Problems605

Problems605

11ANALYSIS OF COMPRESSIBLE FLOW614

11.1 Ideal Gas Relationships615

11.2 Mach Number and Speed of Sound620

11.3 Categories of Compressible Flow623

11.4 Isentropic Flow of an Ideal Gas628

11.4.1 Effect of Variations in Flow Cross-Sectional Area629

11.4.2 Converging-Diverging Duct Flow631

11.4.3 Constant-Area Duct Flow646

11.5 Nonisentropic Flow of an Ideal Gas647

11.5.1 Adiabatic Constant-Area Duct Flow with Friction (Fanno Flow)647

11.5.2 Frictionless Constant-Area Duct Flow with Heat Transfer (Rayleigh Flow)658

11.5.3 Normal Shock Waves665

11.6 Analogy between Compressibleand Open-Channel Flows673

11.7 Two-Dimensional Compressible Flow674

11.8 Chapter Summary and Study Guide677

References678

Review Problems679

Problems679

12PUMPS AND TURBINES684

12.1 Introduction685

12.2 Basic Energy Considerations687

12.3 Basic Angular Momentum Considerations690

12.4 The Centrifugal Pump693

12.4.1 Theoretical Considerations694

12.4.2 Pump Performance Characteristics698

12.4.3 Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH)700

12.4.4 System Characteristics and Pump Selection702

12.5 Dimensionless Parameters and Similarity Laws706

12.5.1 Special Pump Scaling Laws709

12.5.2 Specific Speed710

12.5.3 Suction Specific Speed711

12.6 Axial-Flow and Mixed-Flow Pumps711

12.7 Fans714

12.8 Turbines715

12.8.1 Impulse Turbines717

12.8.2 Reaction Turbines724

12.9 Compressible Flow Turbomachines727

12.9.1 Compressors728

12.9.2 Compressible Flow Turbines732

12.10 Chapter Summary and Study Guide735

References735

Review Problems736

Problems736

ACOMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS AND FLOWLAB745

BPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS759

CPROPERTIES OF THE U.S. STANDARD ATMOSPHERE764

DCOMPRESSIBLE FLOW DATA FOR AN IDEAL GAS766

ANSWERS771

INDEX777