《UNRESOLVED CONFLICT CHINA AND INDIA》

I INTRODUCTION1

II MOTIVATIONAL' VARIABLES OF INTERNATIONAL CONFLICTS5

Primary Variables7

National Power and National Security7

Secondary Variables13

Ideology13

Domestic and Societal Factors17

Geographical Factors18

Political Culture or National Character20

Perceptions and Images of the Elite23

Public Opinion27

III ANALYSIS OF THE SINO-INDIAN FOREIGN POLICIES: THE MAO AND NEHRU ERA32

India’s Foreign Policy33

Motivational Variables of India's Foreign Policy33

National Interest and Security34

Domestic Factors35

Cultural 'Heritage and Historical Traditions37

Freedom Experience and the Legacy of Gandhi40

Perception of Decision Makers42

Geopolitical Factors44

Basic Principles of India's Foreign Policy47

Nonalignment50

Panch Shila53

China's Foreign Policy55

Motivational Variables of China's Foreign Policy56

National Interest, Security, and Economic Well-being58

Sense of 58

Twenty Eight Years of Communist Leadership in China61

The Marxist-Leninist Ideology63

Mao's Philosophy and His Perception of the World System68

Major Principles of China's Foreign Policy73

Alignment with the Socialist Bloc73

Peaceful Coexistence74

Summary76

IV SINO-INDIAN RELATIONS BEFORE 1959: TRADITIONAL FRIENDSHIP TO BORDER CONFRONTATION78

Traditional Era of Friendship79

The Tibetan Episode85

India's Frontier Policy93

The Panch Shila Era97

China's Movements in the Himalayan Region100

Conflicting Maps102

V OPEN HOSTILITY, WARFARE AND CEASE-FIRE109

The Tibetan Uprising of1959109

Sino-lndian Military Collision115

The Sino-Indian Border Dispute115

Reasons for China's Pressures on India120

China's Expanding Frontier Policy122

India's Forward Policy123

China's Response to India's Forward Probes126

Open Warfare127

Reasons for China's Unilateral Ceasefire128

VI FACTORS MOTIVATING CHINA'S MILITARY OFFENSIVE AGAINST INDIA131

Immediate Factors132

Long Range Factors134

Tibet134

Domestic Factors135

Ideology136

Sino-Soviet Dispute137

Indo-American Friendship139

Political Culture or National Character142

VII IMPACT OF SINO-INDIAN WAR146

Effects at the National Level Inside India147

Effect on Leadership*148+++Unity in Adversity151

Non-alignment under Attack152

Nonalignment Re-Examined or Revised156

End of Panch Shila158

End of Non-Violence and Beginning of Militarism160

Split in the Indian Communist Party162

Deterioration of India's Image of China164

Impact of the Sino-Indian War on Regional Affairs166

Indo-Pakistan Conciliation166

Good Neighbor Policy168

Effects of the War on international Relations169

Indo-American Friendship169

Indo-Russian Cooperation173

Sino-Soviet, Dispute177

Divisions within the Third World179

Impact of the War at the Universal Level: The United Nations System181

India' s Support for Communist China' s Representation in the United Nations182

Lack of African Enthusiasm for China's Representation183

Shifts in India's United Nation's Diplomacy183

VIII SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS185

Tibetan Settlement186

Politico-Military Maneuvering191

Border Disagreements193

The Unsuccessful Summit Conference199

Sino-Indian Officials Meet202

Dual Policy202

Colombo Mediation204

Unfulfilled Arbitration206

The Open Door Era207

The Thawing Process208

The Package Deal Renewed209

Conclusion212

NOTES218

BIBLIOGRAPHY251

APPENDICES264

INDEX266