《INTERNATIONAL LAW AND PAYCHOLOGY》

BOOK Ⅰ THE INTRUSION OF ORDER1

PREFATORY EXPLANATION1

A NEUROPHILOSOPHICAL INTRODUCTION3

Biological Instinct and Psychological Intellect3

Reason and Emotion5

The “Will”8

A Choice of Mataphors9

Part ⅠPSYCHOLOGY AND POLITICS15

Chapter 1 Character Tvpe and Political Theory15

Political Philosophy - and Freud15

Two Type Reactions to Power19

Chapter 2The Roots of Preiudice21

Introduction21

The Formation of Prejudice21

Prejudice in Group and Nation23

The Gravamen of Prejudice24

Chapter 3“Realism” in the Twentieth Century25

Opposing Types in Theory and Practice.The Twentieth Century Search for a Political Philosophy25

Idealism and Realism Between the Wars （1918-1939）27

Chapter 4Law Versus Sovereignty29

Prejudice and Order29

The Prime Function of Law Re-stated29

Tyranny, A Root of Law and A Problem for Law30

Responses to Tyranny33

The Survival of a Stereotype35

The Potentialities of Democracy35

Privilege and Anarchy36

Appendix to Chapter 438

Chapter 5 The Internal Sanction39

Part ⅡCRITICAL EPISODES IN MODERN HISTORY45

Chapter 6 Episode 1: The Death of the League of Nations45

Introduction45

Abyssinian Crisis 193545

Mussolini Contra Mundum: Triumphant Realism48

Churchillian Deviation52

By Prejudice Out of Privilege?55

Chapter 7Episode 2: Prejudices of the Pre-War Era （1937-39）59

In Retrospect61

Chapter 8 Episode 3: Mr.Truman and the Soviets （1945-50）67

Chapter 9Episode 4: Korea （1950）77

Background77

Prelude79

War81

Conclusions89

Summarv of Part Ⅱ92

Part ⅢTHE CURRENT DILEMMA95

Chapter 10 The Soviets and Ourselves95

Disarmament.A Barometer of Flexibility and Confidence?96

Law.Diverging or Converging Theories?108

Chapter 11 The Treatment of a “Resistance”115

Psychological Signs of a Current “Resistance” to a General Order115

Ⅰ.The Emotional Nature of Nationalist and Ideological “Resistance”115

Ⅱ.The Insecurity of the Ideologue.Indoctrination Versus Enlightenment117

Ⅲ.The Psychotherapy of a “Resistance”119

APPENDICES121

Appendix 1 Inversion-Substitution to Demonstrate Prejudice121

Historical Example121

Inversion Substitution: America, the Atom and the East.Lecture 2 The American Mind and World Realities122

Original Text: Russia, the Atom and the West.Lecture 2 The Soviet Mind and World Realities126

Glossary of Substituted Terms130

Appendix 2 The Social Significance of the Uncompleted Psvcho-analysis of Sigmund Freud131

Attitudes to Society of Sigmund Freud and “Mr.C”133

NOTES141

INDEX153

BOOK ⅡCONSCIENCE AND SOCIETY3

PREFACE3

INTRODUCTION5

Part Ⅰ9

Chapter 1Three Philosophies of Human Nature9

Thomas Hobbes （1588-1679）9

John Locke （1632-1704）15

JeanJacques Rousseau （1712-1778）20

Chapter 2Human Government as Viewed Through the Ages31

Ⅰ.Philosophical Developments from Rousseau31

‘Idealism', and a Reaction31

Ⅱ.Some Classical Opinions on Law and Society39

Ⅲ.The State and ‘Sovereignty'47

1.Early Theories of International Law47

2.The Theory of ‘Sovereignty' in International Law51

Ⅳ.The State and the Individual: Modern Theories of the Function of Law56

Chapter 3Psychological Theories of Human Nature61

Ⅰ.Principles of Psychoanalysis61

Ⅱ.The Findings of Freud in Neurosis70

1.Early Hysterical Cases of Freud70

2.Early ‘Obsessional' Cases of Freud72

3.Sexuality and Aggressiveness in Psychoanal-ysis73

4.The ‘Primacy' of Aggressiveness and Sexuality -- Case Material76

Ⅲ.Freud's Theory of Human Nature -- Case Material and Discussion78

1.The General Attitude of Man to Life78

2.The Attitude of Man to Others82

3.The Development of Social Conscience88

4.The Nature of Society92

5.Freud's Personal Attitude Towards Society94

Ⅳ.Psychological Theories of Human Nature Which Contrast with That of Freud98

Chapter 4 The Actual Behavior of Man103

Introduction103

Ⅰ.Instincts in Action106

1.Variations of Sociability106

2.Manifestations of Aggressiveness109

Ⅱ.Observation of Child Psychology113

1.Klein113

2.Mrs.Isaacs114

Ⅲ.Psychoanalytical Reactions and Real Life Side By Side120

1.Twelve Case Notes Summarized122

2.Fuller Records of Cases Ⅰ and Ⅱ130

3.Case Ⅲ.The Life and Misconceptions of aConsultant Engineer.Introduction135

（i） The Case History135

（ii） Mr.C's Social Theory138

（iii） Symptoms and Needs148

4.Lessons of Our Case Material150

（i） General150

（ii） Special Lessons from the Long Cases151

Ⅴ.Two ‘Primary' Instincts152

Part Ⅱ155

Chapter 5A Psychological Theory of Law155

Ⅰ.Four Facts of Human Nature upon Which Law is Built155

1.The Similarity of Men155

2.The Actual and Potential Diversity Within Each Normal Man156

3.The Established Misconceptions of Man's Mind156

4.The Vagaries of the Aggressive Self159

Ⅱ.The Psychology of Law165

1.The Grounding of Law165

2.Law and the Aggressive Impulse166

3.The Detectable Origins, Authority, and Enforcement of Law167

4.Emotional Processes in Law168

5.The Prime Function of Law is to Implement the Social Instinct of Man169

6.The Source of the Obligation to Obey the Law169

7.The Emotional Aims of Man170

8.The Fluctuating Standards of the Pleasure-Principle and the Stabilizing Influence of Law170

9.Law, Liberty, and Welfare171

10.Five Partial Theories of Law Integrated172

Chapter 6The Stage of Social Organization Represented by Present ‘International Law'176

Introduction -- A Frustrated Community?176

Ⅰ.A State of ‘Nature' and of Aspirations180

（i） The Desire to be ‘Free'182

（ii） The Desire to be Bound184

Ⅱ.Problems of the ‘International' Lawyer188

Ⅲ.The Value of Promise in Human Relations193

1.The Purpose of a Promise193

2.The Relationship of Promise to Law193

3.The Psychology of Promise194

4.The Enforcement of Promises195

5.The Place of Promise-Keeping in Social Development197

6.The Place of Promise-Making in Social Development197

7.Promise in the World Community198

Ⅳ.Attempts to Reconcile ‘Sovereignty' with ‘Law'200

1.‘Fundamental Rights' and （Provisional） ‘Consent'200

2.The View of Brierly202

Ⅴ.How Far Can a Community Precede Its Laws?203

1.The Law of Order and the Use of ‘Equity'203

2.The Validity of an Analogy207

3.Order by Abrogation, Community by Abnegation of Sovereignty212

Part Ⅲ213

Chapter 7The Emotion of Loyalty213

Ⅰ.The Manifestations of Loyalty213

1.Loyalty in Its Simplest Form213

2.Accumulating Loyalties215

3.Loyalty and Power215

4.Intellectualized Loyalties216

Ⅱ.Loyalty and the Obsessional Character218

1.An Uncertain Borderline218

2.The ‘Obsessional' in Everyday Life220

3.The ‘Obsessional' in War-Time223

Ⅲ.The Discipline of Loyalty and the Control of Aggressiveness226

1.The Transferability of Loyalty226

2.Sources of Aggressiveness in the Group227

3.Leadership228

4.Discipline230

5.The Proand Contra- in Loyalty230

Ⅳ.Aggressiveness in War-Time231

Ⅴ.Summary: The Transfer of Loyalty234

Chapter 8The Manipulation of World Forces to Attain World Law237

Ⅰ.The Incubus of the Sovereign State237

Ⅱ.The Liquidation of the Sovereign State242

Ⅲ.Requirements of World Order242

Ⅳ.Methods of Achieving World-Wide Law and Order243

1.Voluntary Abnegation of Sovereignty243

2.World Law Imposed through Military Victory245

3.Peace by Revolution246

Ⅴ.A Guiding Rule for World Law248

Chapter 9Conscience and Society248

INDEX252