《The Life of Vertebrates Second Edition》求取 ⇩

Ⅰ．EVOLUTION OF LIFE IN RELATION TO CLIMATIC AND GEOLOGICAL CHANGE1

1．The need for generality in zoology1

2．What do we mean by the life of an animal?2

3．Living things tend to preserve themselves3

4．What do we mean by awareness of life?5

5．The influence of environment on life7

6．What is it that heredity transmits?8

7．The increasing complexity of life9

8．The progression of life from the water to more difficult environments9

9．Changes of climate and geological periods11

(1)Changes of level of the continents11

(2) Changes of climate13

(3) Geological time16

(4) Classification of geological history18

10．Summary21

Ⅱ．THE GENERAL PLAN OF CHORDATE ORGANIZATION:AMPHIOXUS23

1．The variety of chordate life23

2．Classification of chordates24

3．Amphioxus,a generalized chordate24

4．Movement of amphioxus26

5．Skeletal structures of amphioxus29

6．Skin of amphioxus29

7．Mouth and pharynx and the control of feeding30

8．Circulation33

9．Excretory system of amphioxus35

10．Nervous system36

11．Gonads and development of amphioxus41

12．Amphioxus as a generalized chordate46

Ⅲ．THE ORIGIN OF CHORDATES FROM FILTER FEEDING ANIMALS47

1．Invertebrate relatives of the chordates47

2．Subphylum Hemichordata (= Stomochordata)50

3．Class Pterobranchia58

4．Subphylum Tunicata．Sea squirts60

5．Development of ascidians66

6．Various forms of tunicate69

7．Class Ascidiacea．70

8．Class Thaliacea70

9．Class Larvacea72

10．The formation of the chordates74

Ⅳ．THE VERTEBRATES WITHOUT JAWS．LAMPREYS81

1．Classification81

2．General features of vertebrates81

3．Agnatha83

4．Lampreys83

5．Skeleton of lampreys85

6．Alimentary canal of lampreys88

7．Blood system of lampreys91

8．Urinogenital system of lampreys93

9．Nervous system of lampreys97

10．The pineal eyes103

11．Pituitary body and hypophysical sac106

12．Lateral line organs of lampreys108

13．Vestibular organs of lampreys109

14．Paired eyes of lampreys110

15．Skin photoreceptors111

16．Habits and life-history of lampreys112

17．The ammocoete larva114

18．Races of lampreys,a problem in systematics119

19．Hag-fishes,order Myxinoidea122

20．Fossil Agnatha,the earliest-known vertebrates125

Ⅴ．THE APPEARANCE OF JAWS．THE ORGANIZATION OF THE HEAD131

1．The elasmobranchs:introduction131

2．The swimming of fishes133

3．Equilibrium of fishes in water;the functions of the fins136

4．Skin of elasmobranchs141

5．The skull and branchial arches142

6．The jaws145

7．Segmentation of the vertebrate head148

8．The pro-otic somites and eyemuscles149

9．The cranial nerves of elasmobranchs152

10．Respiration157

11．The gut of elasmobranchs158

12．The circulatory system159

13．Urino-genital system162

14．Endocrine glands of elasmobranchs164

15．Nervous system167

16．Receptor-organs of elasmobranchs170

17．Autonomic nervous system173

Ⅵ．EVOLUTION AND ADAPTIVE RADIATION OF ELASMOBRANCHS175

1．Characteristics of elasmobranchs175

2．Classification175

3．Palaeozoic elasmobranchs176

4．Mesozoic sharks180

5．Modern sharks180

6．Skates and rays182

7．Chimaera and the bradyodonts184

8．Tendencies in elasmobranch evolution185

9．The earliest Gnathostomes,Placoderms186

Ⅶ．THE MASTERY OF THE WATER．BONY FISHES190

1．Introduction:the success of the bony fishes190

2．The trout191

3．The skull of bony fishes193

4．Respiration196

5．Vertebral column and fins of bony fishes199

6．Alimentary canal201

7．Air-bladder301

8．Circulatory system201

9．Urinogenital system and osmoregulation202

10．Races of trout and salmon and their breeding habits204

11．Endocrine glands of bony fishes206

12．Brain of bony fishes209

13．Receptors for life in the water212

14．Eyes212

15．Ear and hearing of fishes216

16．Sound production in fishes218

17．The lateral line organs of fishes218

18．Chemoreceptors．Taste and smell220

19．Touch222

20．Autonomic nervous system222

21．Behaviour patterns of fishes225

Ⅷ．THE EVOLUTION OF BONY FISHES228

1．Classification228

2．Order 1．Palaeoniscoidei228

3．Order 2．Acipenseroidei234

4．Superorder 2．Holostei234

5．Superorder 3．Teleostei236

6．Analysis of evolution of the Actinopterygii237

Ⅸ．THE ADAPTIVE RADIATION OF BONY FISHES244

1．Swimming and locomotion244

2．Various body forms and swimming habits in teleosts248

3．Structure of mouth and feeding-habits of bony fishes251

4．Protective mechanisms of bony fishes252

5．Scales and other surface armour252

6．Spines and poison glands253

7．Electric organs253

8．Luminous organs254

9．Colours of fishes255

10．Colour change in teleosts258

Ⅹ．LUNG-FISHES268

1．Classification268

2．Crossopterygians268

3．Osteolepids268

4．Coelacanths271

5．Fossil Dipnoi273

6．Modern lung-fishes275

Ⅺ．FISHES AND MAN280

Ⅻ．TERRESTRIAL VERTEBRATES:AMPHIBIA296

1．Classification296

2．Amphibia296

3．The frogs298

4．Skin of Amphibia298

5．Colours of Amphibia299

6．Vertebral column of Amphibia303

7．Evolution and plan of the limbs of Amphibia307

8．Shoulder girdle of Amphibia309

9．Pelvic girdle of Amphibia312

10．The limbs of Amphibia313

11．The back and belly muscles of Amphibia318

12．The limb muscles of Amphibia322

13．The skull of Stegocephalia325

14．The skull of modern Amphibia328

15．Respiration in Amphibia332

16．Respiration in the frog333

17．Respiratory adaptations in various amphibians334

18．Vocal appara tus334

19．Circulatory system of Amphibia335

20．Lymphatic system of Amphibia338

21．The blood of Amphibia339

22．Urinogenital system of Amphibia340

23．Digestive system of Amphibia342

24．Nervous system of Amphibia344

25．Skin receptors349

26．The eyes of Amphibia350

27．The ear of Amphibia353

28．Behaviour of Amphibia354

ⅩⅢ．EVOLUTION AND ADAPTIVE RADIATION OF AMPHIBIA356

1．The earliest Amphibia356

2．Terrestrial Palaeozoic Amphibia．Embolomeri and Rhachitomi357

3．Aquatic Amphibia of the later Palaeozoic359

4．Tendencies in the evolution of fossil Amphibia362

5．Newts and Salamanders．Subclass Urodela364

6．Frogs and Toads．Subclass Anura365

7．Subclass Apoda (= Gymnophiona = Caecilia)366

8．Adaptive radiation and parallel evolution in modern Amphibia366

9．Can Amphibia be said to be higher animals than fishes?367

ⅩⅣ．LIFE ON LAND:THE REPTILES369

1．Classification369

2．Reptilia371

3．The organization of reptiles372

4．Skin of reptiles373

5．Posture,locomotion,and skeleton373

6．Feeding and digestion378

7．Respiration,circulation,and excretion378

8．Reproduction of reptiles380

9．Nervous system and receptors of reptiles383

ⅩⅤ．EVOLUTION OF THE REPTILES386

1．The earliest reptile populations,Anapsida386

2．Classification of reptiles391

3．Order 1．Chelonia,392392

4．Subclass Synaptosauria399

5．Order Ichthyopterygia401

6．Subclass Lepidosauria401

7．Order Rhynchocephalia402

8．Order Squamata404

9．Suborder Lacertilia407

10．Suborder Ophidia411

11．Superorder Archosauria416

12．Order Pseudosuchia417

13．Order Phytosauria417

14．Order Crocodilia418

15．The ＇Terrible Lizards＇,Dinosaurs421

16．Order Saurischia422

17．Order Ornithischia424

18．Order Pterosauria426

19．Conclusions from study of evolution of the reptiles429

ⅩⅥ．LIFE IN THE AIR:THE BIRDS431

1．Features of bird life431

2．Bird numbers and variety431

3．The skin and feathers432

4．Colours of birds436

5．The skeleton of the bird．Sacral and sternal girders437

6．The sacral girder and legs440

7．Skeleton of the wings447

8．Wing muscles449

9．Principles of bird flight450

10．Wing shape452

11．Wing area and loading452

12．Aspect ratio453

13．Wing tips,slots,and camber453

14．Flapping flight455

15．Soaring flight458

16．Soaring on up-currents458

17．Use of vertical wind variations460

18．Speed of flight461

19．Take-off and landing462

20．The skull in birds464

21．The jaws,beak,and feeding mechanisms464

22．Digestive system of birds468

23．Circulatory system470

24．Respiration471

25．Excretory system474

26．Reproductive system475

27．The brain of birds477

28．Functioning of the brain in birds479

29．The eyes of birds482

30．The ear of birds488

31．Other receptors490

ⅩⅦ．BIRD BEHAVIOUR491

1．Habitat selection491

2．Food selection491

3．Recognition and social behaviour492

4．Bird migration and homing493

5．The stimulus to migration495

6．The breeding-habits of birds496

7．Courtship and display497

8．Bird territory503

9．Mutual courtship504

10．Nest-building505

11．Shape and colour of the eggs507

12．Brooding and care of the young507

ⅩⅧ．THE ORIGIN AND EVOLUTION OF BIRDS509

1．Classification509

2．Origin of the birds510

3．Jurassic birds and the origin of flight510

4．Cretaceous birds．Superorder Odontognathae513

5．Flightless birds．Superorder Palaeognathae514

6．Penguins．Superorder Impennae515

7．Modern birds．Superorder Neognathae516

8．Tendencies in the evolution of birds522

9．Darwin＇s finches524

10．Birds on other oceanic islands530

11．The development of variety of bird life532

ⅩⅨ．THE ORIGIN OF MAMMALS533

1．Classification533

2．The characteristics of mammals534

3．Mammals of the Mesozoic536

4．Mammal-like reptiles,Synapsida539

5．Order Pelycosauria (= Theromorpha)540

6．Order Therapsida541

7．Mammals from the Trias to the Cretaceous545

8．Original cusp-pattern of teeth of mammals548

9．Egg-laying mammals．Subclass Prototheria (Monotremata)549

ⅩⅩ．MARSUPIALS557

1．Marsupial characteristics557

2．Classification of marsupials562

3．Opossums563

4．Carnivorous marsupials565

5．Marsupial ant-eaters and other types566

6．Phalangers,wallabies,and kangaroos566

7．Significance of marsupial isolation568

ⅩⅪ．EVOLUTION OF PLACENTAL MAMMALS AND ITS RELATION TO THE CLIMATIC AND GEOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF THE CENOZOIC569

1．Eutherians at the end of the Mesozoic569

2．The end of the Mesozoic569

3．Divisions and climates of the Tertiary Period571

4．Geographical regions572

5．The earliest eutherians574

6．Definition of a eutherian (placental) mammal575

7．Evolutionary trends of eutherians575

8．Conservative eutherians577

9．Divisions and classification of Eutheria577

ⅩⅫ．INSECTIVORES,BATS,AND EDENTATES581

1．Order 1．Insectivora581

2．Order Chiroptera．Bats585

3．Order Dermoptera592

4．Order Edentata592

5．Armadillos595

6．Ant-eaters and sloths597

7．Order Pholidota:pangolins601

ⅩⅩⅢ．PRIMATES602

1．Classification602

2．Characters of primates603

3．Divisions of the primates607

4．Lemurs and lorises609

5．Fossil Prosimians613

6．Tarsiers614

7．Characteristics of Anthropoidea617

8．New World monkeys,Ceboidea620

ⅩⅩⅣ．MONKEYS，APES，AND MEN623

1．Common origin of Old World monkeys,apes,and men623

2．Old World monkeys,Cercopithecoidea623

3．The great apes:Pongidae626

4．The ancestry of man633

5．Brain of apes and man633

6．The posture and gait of nun634

7．The limbs of man635

8．The skull and jaws of man637

9．Rate of development of man640

10．Growth of human populations641

11．Time of development of the Hominidae641

12．The Australopithecinae643

13．Early Hominids,Pithecanthropus645

14．Man646

15．Human cultures648

ⅩⅩⅤ．RODENTS AND RABBITS652

1．Characteristics of rodent life652

2．Classification653

3．Order RoJenria654

4．Order Lagomorpha660

5．Fluctuations in numbers of mammals663

ⅩⅩⅥ．WHALES666

ⅩⅩⅦ．CARNIVORES677

1．Affinities of carnivores and ungulates:Cohort Ferungulata677

2．Classification679

3．Order Carnivora680

4．The Cats680

5．Suborder Creodonta683

6．Suborder Fissipeda684

7．Suborder Pinnepedia691

ⅩⅩⅧ．PROTOUNGULATES694

1．Origin of the ungulates694

2．Ungulate characters695

3．Classification699

4．Superorder Protoungulata700

5．South American ungulates．Order Notoun701

6．Order Litopterna703

7．Order Astrapotheria703

8．Order Tubulidentata704

ⅩⅩⅨ．ELEPHANTS AND RELATED FORMS706

1．＇Near-ungulates＇,superorder Paenungulata706

2．Classification706

3．Order Hyracoidea707

4．Elephants．Order Proboscidea709

5．Order Pantodonta (Amblypoda)717

6．Order Dinocerata718

7．Order Pyrotheria718

8．Order Embrithopoda718

9．Order Sirenia720

ⅩⅩⅩ．PERISSODACTYLS722

1．Perissodactyl characteristics722

2．Classification723

3．Perissodactyl radiation724

4．Suborder Ceratomorpha,tapirs and rhinoceroses727

5．Rhinoceroses728

6．Brontotheres (Titanotheres)730

7．Chalicotheres (= Ancylopoda)731

8．Palaeotheres732

9．Horses732

10．Allometry in the evolution of horses737

11．Rate of evolution of horses738

12．Conclu sions from the study of the evolution of horses739

ⅩⅩⅪ．ARTIODACTYLS741

1．Characteristics of artiodactyls741

2．Classification745

3．The evolution of artiodactyls746

4．Pigs and hippopotamuses748

5．Oreodonts750

6．Camels751

7．Ruminants753

8．Chevrotains754

9．Pecora755

10．Cervidae755

11．Giraffidae757

12．Antilocapridae and Bovidae760

ⅩⅩⅫ．CONCLUSION．EVOLUTIONARY CHANGES OF THE LIFE OF VERTEBRATES765

1．The life of the earliest chordates765

2．Comparison of the life of early chordates with that of mammals767

3．The increasing complexity and variety of vertebrates768

4．The variety of evidence of evolutionary change769

5．Rate of evolutionary change770

6．Vertebrates that have evolved slowly771

7．Varying rates of evolutionary changes774

8．Vertebrates that have disappeared774

9．Successive replacement among aquatic vertebrates775

10．Successive replacement among land vertebrates776

11．Is successive replacement due to climatic change?776

12．Convergent and parallel evolution777

13．Some tendencies in vertebrate evolution779

14．Evolution of the whole organization780

15．Summary of evidence about evolution of vertebrates781

16．Conservative and radical influences in evolution783

17．The direction of evolutionary change784

18．The influences controlling evolutionary progress785

REFERENCES787

INDEX797