《Oxygenases》

1History and Scope＆OSAMU HAYAISHI1

Ⅰ．Introduction1

Ⅱ．Dehydrogenases,Oxidases,and Oxygenases3

Ⅲ．Methodology6

Ⅳ．Nomenclature and Classification9

Ⅴ．General Properties and Mechanisms of Action of Oxygenases12

Ⅵ．Physiological Significance of Oxygenases21

Ⅶ．Distribution of Oxygenases in Nature25

References27

2Methodology of Oxygen Isotopes＆D．SAMUEL31

Ⅰ．Introduction32

Ⅱ．The Preparation of Materials36

Ⅲ．Problems and Restrictions in the Use of Oxygen-1845

Ⅳ．The Separation and Purification of Compounds for Isotopic Analysis58

Ⅴ．Isotopic Analysis62

Ⅵ．Conclusion80

References81

3Phenolytic Oxygenases＆ALAN H．MEHLER87

Ⅰ．Introduction87

Ⅱ．Catechol Oxygenases89

Ⅲ．Phenolic Oxygenases99

Ⅳ．Other Aromatic Oxygenases108

Ⅴ．Reactions That May Be Oxygenations115

Ⅵ．Speculation on Mechanism120

Ⅶ．Coda124

References124

4Aromatic Hydroxylations＆SEYMOUN KAUFMAN129

Ⅰ．Introduction129

Ⅱ．Conversion of Phenylalanine to Tyrosine131

Ⅲ．Conversion of Dopamine to Norepinephrine158

Ⅳ．General Discussion of Mechanism of Aerobic Hydroxylation Reactions170

References179

5Oxygenases in Lipid and Steroid Metabolism＆MIKA HAYANO181

Ⅰ．Introduction182

Ⅱ．Oxygenases in the Biosynthesis of Cholesterol183

Ⅲ．Oxygenases in the Biosynthesis of the Bile Acids188

Ⅳ．Oxygenases in the Biosynthesis of Steroid Hormones198

Ⅴ．Oxygenases of Animal Origin Acting on C18,C19, and C21 Steroids214

Ⅵ．Oxygenases of Microbiological Origin217

Ⅶ．Steroid Hydroxylation Mechanisms225

Ⅷ．Oxygenases in Fatty Acid Metabolism229

Ⅸ．Summary236

Addendum236

References237

6Bacterial Oxidation of Hydrocarbons＆I．W．FOSTER241

Ⅰ．Introduction241

Ⅱ．Involvement of Molecular Oxygen in Hydrocarbon Utilization242

Ⅲ．Anaerobic Oxidation of Alkanes254

Ⅳ．Cyclic Hydrocarbons258

Addendum267

References269

7Peroxidase as an Oxygenase＆PETER NICHOLLS273

Ⅰ．Historical Introduction274

Ⅱ．The Mechanism of the Oxidase Reaction277

Ⅲ．The Physiological Role of the Oxidase Reaction297

Ⅳ．Conclusions301

Addendum302

References303

8Phenolase＆DENIS KETESZ and ROMANO ZITO307

Ⅰ．Introduction307

Ⅱ．Preparation and Physicochemical Properties308

Ⅲ．Oxidation of o-Dihydroxyphenols323

Ⅳ．Oxidation of Monohydroxyphenols328

Ⅴ．Concluding Remarks348

References349

9Model Oxygenases and Theoretical Considerations on the Activation of Oxygen＆R．VERCAUTEREN and L．MASSART355

Ⅰ．Introduction355

Ⅱ．General Physicochemical Considerations on Reaction Mechanisms Involving Free Oxygen357

Ⅲ．General Phenomena Involving Free Oxygen361

Ⅳ．Reaction Mechanisms in Biological and Model Oxidase Systems373

References404

10Cytochrome Oxidase＆KAZUO OKUNUKI409

Ⅰ．Introduction409

Ⅱ．Preparation of Cytochrome Components414

Ⅲ．Cytochrome Oxidase System of Heart Muscle424

Ⅳ．Pseudomonas Cytochrome Oxidase449

Ⅴ．Discussion459

References464

11Hemoglobin and Myoglobin＆JUI H．WANG469

Ⅰ．Introduction470

Ⅱ．Preparation and Physicochemical Properties470

Ⅲ．Chemical Composition474

Ⅳ．X-Ray and Paramagnetic Resonance Studies on Structure477

Ⅴ．Reactions with Oxygen,Carbon Monoxide,and Nitric Acid482

Ⅵ．Dissociation and Reconstitution Studies501

Ⅶ．Riddle of the Stability of Oxyhemoglobin and Oxymyoglobin502

Addendum512

References512

12Hemerythrin and Hemocyanin＆F．GHIRETTI517

Ⅰ．Introduction517

Ⅱ．Hemerythrin520

Ⅲ．Hemeocyanin530

Ⅳ．Conclusions546

References549

AUTHOR INDEX555

SUBJECT INDEX573