《The Trematoda With Special Reference To British and Other European Forms》

1．THE PHYLUM PLATYHELMINTHES1

(a)Turellaria2

(b) Trematoda2

(c) Cestoda3

(d) Temnocephalida3

Monogenea,Aspidogastrea and Digenea,the Orders of the Trematoda5

A．The Order Monogenea6

B．The Order Aspidogastrea8

C．The Order Digenea8

Some Trematode Names and their Derivation9

2．THE CONTRASTING LIFE HISTORIES OF THE MONOGENEA AND DIGENEA13

(a)The Life History of a Monogenetic Trematode (Polystoma integerrimum)14

(b)The Life History of a Digenetic Trematode (Fasciola hepatica)17

(ⅰ) The Miracidium17

(ⅱ) The Sporocyst17

(ⅲ) The Redia19

(ⅳ) The Cercaria20

3．THE MORPHOLOGY OF THE MONOGENEA24

Ⅰ．External Structure24

(ⅰ)The Anterior Adhesive Apparatus or Prohaptor26

(ⅱ) The Posterior Adhesive Apparatus or Opisthaptor26

(ⅲ) The External Apertures28

Ⅱ．Internal Structure29

(ⅰ)The Muscular System29

(ⅱ) The Parenchyma29

(ⅲ) The Mode of Action of the Suckers30

(ⅳ) The Nervous System and Sense Organs31

(ⅴ) The Digestive System32

(ⅵ) The Excretory System33

(ⅶ) The Reproductive Systems33

(ⅷ) The Mode of Formation of the Egg Capsules35

4．THE STRUCTURE OF ASPIDOGASTER AND THE GENERA OF THE ASPIDOGASTRIDAE The Structure of Aspidogaster conchicola37

(ⅰ)External Characters37

(ⅱ) Internal Characters and Integument38

Species of the Genus Aspidogaster Baer,182741

Recent Observations on the Structure of Aspidogaster limacoides42

Key to the Genera of the Family Aspidogastridae Poche44

5．THE MORPHOLOGY OF THE DIGENEA45

Ⅰ．The Suborder Gasterostomata Odhner45

Ⅱ．The Suborder Prosostomata Odhner46

A．Some General Types and their Main Characteristics46

B．The Structure of Prosostomata51

Ⅰ．External Characters51

Ⅱ．The Internal Organs52

(ⅰ)The Muscles and Parenchyma52

(ⅱ) The Nervous System and Sense Organs53

(ⅲ) The Digestive System53

(ⅳ) The EXcretory System55

(ⅴ) The Lymphatic System57

(ⅵ) The Hermaphrodite Reproductive System58

(ⅶ) Abnormalities and Artefacts63

6．THE TAXONOMY OF THE TREMATODA64

Ⅰ．The Classification of the Monogenea64

Key to the Suborders,Superfamilies and Families of the Monogenea65

Suborder Monopisthocotylea Odhner,191266

Superfamily Gyrodactyloidea Johnston ＆ Tiegs,192266

Families:Gyrodactylidae Cobbold,186467

Dactylogyridae Bychowsky,193367

Calceostomatidae Parona ＆ Perugia,189068

Superfamily Capsaloidea Price,193668

Families:Monocotylidae TAschenberg,187969

Capsalidae Baird,185369

Acanthocotylidae Price,193670

Microbothriidae Price,193670

Udonellidae Taschenberg,187971

Suborder Polyopisthocotylea Odhner,191271

Superfamily Polystomatoidea Price,193671

Families:Polystomatidae Gamble,189671

Hexabothriidae Price,194272

Superfamily Diclidophoroidea Price,193672

Families:Mazocraeidae Price,193673

Discocotylidae Price,193673

Microcotylidae Taschenberg,187974

Gastrocotylidae Price,194374

Diclidophoridae Fuhrmann,192874

Hexostomatidae Price,193675

Ⅱ．The Classification of the Digenea75

Key to Families of Digenea80

The Main Characters of the Families of the Digenea82

Ⅰ．Gassterostomata82

Family Bucephalidae Poche,190782

Ⅱ．Prosostomata83

Families:Fellodistomatidae Odhner,191186

Allocreadiiae Stossich,190486

Acanthocolpidae Lühe,190987

Acanthostomatidae Poche,192688

Zoogonidae Odhner,191188

Ptychogonimidae Dollfus,193688

Azygiiae Odhner,191189

Hemiuridae Lühe,190189

Halipegidae Poche,192690

Accacoeliidae Dollfus,192391

Haplosplanchnidae Poche,192691

Monorchiidae Odhner,191191

Haploporidae Nicoll,191492

Didymozoidae Poche,190792

Aporocotylidae Odhner,191293

Bunoderidae Nicoll,191493

Gorgoderidae Looss,190193

Plagiorchiidae Lühe,190194

Lecithodendriidae Odhner,191094

Cephalogonimidae Looss,189995

Dicrocoeliidae Odhner,191095

Microphallidae Viana,192496

Opisthorchiidae Lühe,190196

Heterophyidae Odhner,191497

Stomylotrematidae Poche,192698

Philophthalmidae Looss,189998

Orchipedidae Skrjabin,192498

Psilostomatidae Odhner,191199

Eucotylidae Skrjabin,192499

Cathaemasiidae Fuhrmann,192899

Troglotrematidae Odhner,191499

Cyclocoelidae Kossack,1911100

Notocotylidae Lühe,1909100

Brachylaemidae Joyeux ＆ Foley,1930101

Echinostomatidae Looss,1902101

Mesotretidae Poche,1926102

Fasciolidae Railliet,1895102

Campulidae Odhner,1926103

Paramphistomatidae Fischoeder,1901103

Microscaphidiidae Travassos,1922104

Mesometridae Poche,1926104

Cyathocotylidae Poche,1926105

Strigeidae Railliet,1919105

Diplostomatidae Poirier,1886105

Clinostomatidae Lühe,1901106

Schistosomatidae Looss,1899106

7．THE MONOGENEA OF BRITISH FISHES AND AMPHIBIA107

Families:Gyrodactylidae108

Dactylogyridae109

Calceostomatidae119

Udonellidae120

Monocotylidae123

Microbothriidae130

Acanthocotylidae135

Capsalidae137

Polystomatidae148

Hexabothriidae149

Mazocraeidae156

Discocotylidae160

Gastrocotylidae166

Microcotylidae167

Diclidophoridae172

Hexostomatidae181

8．SOME DIGENETIC TREMATODES OF BRITISH AND SOME OTHER FISHES185

Families:Bucephalidae190

Allocreadiidae198

Acanthocolpidae214

Acanthostomatidae222

Haploporidae224

Monorchiidae229

Haplosplanchnidae232

Accacoeliidae232

Fellodistomatidae238

Zoogonidae246

Azygiidae251

Ptychogonimidae255

Hemiuridae257

Bunoderidae273

Gorgoderidae274

Didymozoidae278

Aporocotylidae284

Mesometridae286

Paramphistomatidae288

9．SOME COMMON DIGENEA OF AMPHIBIA AND REPTILIA289

Families:Plagiorchiidae289

Cephalogonimidae304

Dicrocoeliidae305

Lecithodendriidae307

Gorgoderidae310

Halipegidae311

Paramphistomatidae312

Some Trematodes of Chelonians313

Pronocephalidae314

Microscaphidiidae314

Spirorchiidae314

Allocreadiidae315

Zoogonidae315

Azygiidae315

Hemiuridae315

Acanthostomatidae315

10．SOME TREMATODES OF BIRDS316

Families:Plagiorchiidae317

Lecithodendriidae324

Dicrocoeliidae325

Microphallidae329

Opisthorchiidae335

Heterophyidae338

Clinostomatidae342

Orchipedidae343

Eucotylidae345

Philophthalmidae346

Cathaemasiidae348

Psilostomatidae348

Echinostomatidae352

Troglotrematidae361

Notocotylidae362

Cyclocoelidae364

Brachylaemidae366

Cyathocotylidae369

Strigeidae370

Diplostomatidae373

Schistosomatidae374

Paramphistomatidae376

Microscaphidiidae376

Stomylotrematidae377

11．SOME TREMATODES OF MAMMALS378

Families:Plagiorchiidae378

Mesotretidae379

Lecithodendriidae383

Dicrocoeliidae385

Fasciolidae386

Campulidae388

Allocreadiidae394

Opisthorchiidae394

Heterophyidae398

Echinostomatidae402

Troglotrematidae404

Notocotylidae406

Cyathocotylidae407

Diplostomatidae409

Schistosomatidae409

Brachylaemidae412

Paramphistomatidae415

12．THE LARVAE OF THE DIGENEA419

Classification of Cercariae419

(1)Amphistome cercariae424

(a) ＇Pigmentata＇ type424

(b) ＇Diplocotylea＇ type424

(2)Monostome cercariae426

(a) ＇Ephemera＇ type426

(b) ＇Urbanensis＇ type427

(3) Gymnocephalous cercariae427

(4)Cystocercous cercariae429

(a) ＇Cystophorous＇ cercariae429

(b) ＇Cysticercaria＇ (anchor-tailed cercariae)432

(c)＇Macrocerous＇ (Gorgoderine) cercariae433

(ⅰ) ＇Gorgoderina＇ group433

(ⅱ) ＇Gorgodera＇ group434

(5)Trichocercous cercariae435

(a) having eye-spots437

(b) lacking eye-spots437

(6)Echinostome cercariae438

(a) ＇Echinata＇ group439

(b) ＇Coronata＇ group440

(c) ＇Echinatoides＇ group441

(7) Microcercous cercariae (stumpy tail)442

(8)Xiphidiocercariae445

(a)Cercariae Microcotylae446

(ⅰ) ＇Cellulosa＇ group446

(ⅱ) ＇Vesiculosa＇ group447

(ⅲ) ＇Pusilla＇ group449

(b) Cercariae Virgulae449

(c) Cercariae Ornatae450

(d) Cercariae Armatae451

(9)Furcocercous cercariae453

(a) Bucephalus group454

(b) ＇Lophocerca＇ group456

(c) ＇Ocellata＇ group459

(d) ＇Strigea＇ and ＇Proalaria＇ groups460

(e) ＇Vivax＇ group463

(10)Cercariaea464

(a) ＇Mutabile＇ group464

(b) ＇Helicis＇ group465

(c) ＇Leucochloridium＇ group465

(d) ＇Gymnophallus＇ group467

Abnormalities of Larval Development468

13．THE LIFE HISTORIES OF THE TREMATODA470

A．Monogenea470

B．Digenea472

Ⅰ．One intermediate host only472

(ⅰ)Cercariae not encysting,but actively penetrating the definitive host472

(ⅱ) Cercariae encysting on herbage after emergence from the snail host475

(ⅲ) Cercariae encysting upon the shell of the snail intermediate host475

(ⅳ) Cercariae encysting in the tissues of the snail intermediate host476

(ⅴ) Cercariae encysting in the snail,but cysts deposited in ＇slime-balls＇ on herbage477

Ⅱ．Two intermediate hosts478

(ⅰ)Both intermediate hosts molluscs478

(a) Gastropod and lamellibranch (adult flukes in birds)478

(b) Gastropod and nudibranch (adult flukes in fishes)480

(ⅱ)First intermediate host a mollusc;second a crustacean480

(a) Second intermediate host a fresh-water crustacean;devinitive host man480

(b) Second intermediate host a marine copepod,devinitive host a marine fish480

(c) Second intermediate host a fresh-water copepod,definitive host a frog481

(ⅲ)First intermediate host a mollusc;second a larval insect482

(a) Definitive host a fish482

(b) Definitive host a frog484

(c) Definitive host a bat485

(d) Definitive host a bird486

(ⅳ)First intermediate host a mollusc;second a fish486

(a) Definitive host also a fish486

(b) Definitive host a bird or mammal487

(ⅴ)First intermediate host a mollusc;second an amphibian489

(a) Definitive host an amphibian489

(b) Definitive host a bird489

(c) Definitive host a mammal490

The Life Histories of some Trematodes491

14．REPRODUCTION,GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION AND PHYLOGENY494

Reproduction in the Trematoda494

Ⅰ．Fecundity494

Ⅱ．Gametogenesis and development495

A．Spermatogensis496

B．Oogenesis498

(a)Maturation and fertilization498

(b) Segmentation499

C．The Miracidium and mother redia500

D．Rediae of the second generation and cercariae500

Ⅲ．The germ-cell cycle in Trematoda501

The Geographical Distribution of the Trematoda503

The Phylogeny of the Trematoda507

15．THE BIOLOGY OF THE TREMATODA511

A．Larvae511

(a)The hatching of miracidia511

(b) The emergence of cercariae511

(c)The movements of cercariae512

(ⅰ) Swimming512

(ⅱ) Creeping513

(ⅲ) Rotation514

(ⅳ) Forced Movements (Taxes)514

(d) Encystment515

(e)The effect of the parasite on the host518

(ⅰ) General518

(ⅱ) The problem of sex change520

(ⅲ) Gigantism and abnormal growth in the host520

(f) Host-specificity522

(g) Ecological523

B．Adults525

(a)Effect of the parasite on the host525

(ⅰ) Monogenea525

(ⅱ) Digenea526

(b) Immunity527

(c) Hyperparasitism529

(d) Nutrition530

(e) Respiration531

(f) Growth532

The Maintenance of Living Trematodes in vitro535

16．A SHORT HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE TREMATODA537

APPENDIX543

Notes on the Collection and Preservation of Trematoda543

The use of the Camera Lucida547

The Hosts referred to in the Text by their Common English Names548

A．Fishes548

B．Amphibia and Reptilia551

C．Birds551

D．Mammals544

LIST OF LITERATURE556

INDEX613

Explanation of Abbreviations used in Table 183

Table 1．The General Characters of the Main Families of the Digenea84

Table 2．Monogenetic Trematodes of certain Fresh-water and Marine Fishes in Europe110

Table 3．Digenetic Trematodes of certain Fresh-water Marine Fishes in Europe188

Table 4．Some Common Digenetic Trematodes of Amphibia and Reptilia290

Table 5．Some Trematodes of Various Birds in Europe318

Table 6．Some Trematodes of Certain Mammals in Europe380

Table 7．The Life Histories of some Trematodes491