《The Economy of Pakistan》

Ⅰ．LAND AND PEOPLE1

1．Intoduction1

2．The Constitution4

3．Political Divisions6

4．Geographical Background9

5．Basic Economic Problems16

Ⅱ．PRODUCTION AND MARKETING OF FOOD CROPS29

Ⅲ．PRODUCTION AND MARKETING OF CASH CROPS56

Ⅳ．IRRIGATION AND SOIL PROBLEMS77

1．The Punjab78

2．Sind78

3．The North-West Frontier89

4．Baluchistan93

5．East Pakistan97

6．A Note on the Canal Waters Dispute102

Ⅴ．FORESTS105

Ⅵ．LAND TENURE114

1．East Pakistan118

2．The Punjab122

3．Sind124

4．North-West Frontier Province127

5．Baluchistan128

6．Bahawalpur and Khairpur129

7．Summary of Changes129

Ⅶ．RURAL CREDIT AND CO-OPERATION136

1．East Pakistan147

2．West Pakistan149

Ⅷ．STATE AND PRIVATE INDUSTRY156

Ⅸ．LARGE-SCALE INDUSTRY166

Ⅹ．SMALL-SCALE AND COTTAGE INDUSTRIES190

1．Principal Small-scale and Cottage Industries192

2．Finance198

3．Marketing200

4．Techniques and Processing200

5．Raw Materials201

Ⅺ．FUEL AND POWER204

1．Coal205

2．Petroleum207

3．Electric Power211

4．Natural Gas217

Ⅻ．RAILWAYS219

1．The North-Western Railway220

2．The East Bengal Railway221

3．Railway Finance and Development222

ⅩⅢ．ROADS AND INLAND WATERWAYS230

1．Roads230

2．Inland Waterways238

ⅩⅣ．PORTS AND SHIPPING243

1．Ports243

2．Shipping249

ⅩⅤ．CIVIL AVIATION AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS251

1．Airports255

2．Civil Aviation and the Five Year Plan256

3．Air Agreements257

4．Postal Services257

5．Telecommunications258

ⅩⅥ．FOREIGN TRADE262

1．Exports265

2．Imports271

3．Trade Agreements276

ⅩⅦ．BALANCE OF PAYMENTS282

1．Sterling-Area Membership298

2．Exchange-Rate Problems302

ⅩⅧ．FEDERAL FINANCE306

Appendix 1．Changes in Export Duties(up to 30th June 1957)325

Appendix 2．Tax Privileges for Industries in Pakistan326

ⅩⅨ．PROVINIAL FINANCE328

1．East Pakistan329

2．West Pakistan334

3．An Overall View349

4．Provisions of the New Constitution355

ⅩⅩ．CENTRAL BANKING358

ⅩⅪ．COMMERCIAL BANKING375

ⅩⅫ．OTHER FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS394

1．Insurance395

2．Stock Exchanges400

3．Postal Institutions402

4．The Pakistan Refugee Rehabilitation Finance Corporation404

5．Pakistan Industrial Finance Corporation404

6．Housebuilding Finance Corporation405

7．Agricultural Development Finance Corporation406

8．Small Industries Corporation407

9．Proposed Insitutions408

ⅩⅩⅢ．PRICE TRENDS409

1．West Pakistan410

2．East Pakistan421

ⅩⅩⅣ．AGRICULTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL LABOUR429

1．Agricultural Labour429

2．Industrial Labour439

3．Labour Legislation and Welfare449

Appendix 1．Recommendations of the I．L．O．Mission on Industrial Labour458

Appendix 2．International Labour Conventions Ratified by Pakistan463

ⅩⅩⅤ．THE REFUGEE PROBLEM463

ⅩⅩⅥ．DEVELOPMENT PLANNING478

INDEX513

LIST OF TABLES8

Ⅰ．Area and Population8

Ⅱ．Estimates of National Income at Constant Prices17

Ⅲ．Economic Distribution of Total Population22

Ⅳ．Occupational Distribution of the Labour Force，1931-5123

Ⅴ．Land Workers24

Ⅵ．Acreage and Production of Principal Food Crops in East and West Pakistan32

Ⅶ．Production and Availability of Food36

Ⅷ．Classification of Area37

Ⅸ．Yield per Acre in Pakistan(and some other countries)40

Ⅹ．Government Storage Facilities for Food Grains50

Ⅺ．Non-Food Crops57

Ⅻ．Area Irrigated in Pakistan(Source-wise)79

ⅩⅢ．Water Resources Development in West Pakistan，1947-6080

ⅩⅣ．Water Resources Development in East Pakistan，1947-6082

ⅩⅤ．Volume of Standing Timber106

ⅩⅥ．Classes of Cultivators(1951)119

ⅩⅦ．Primary Agricultural Co-operative Societies in Pakistan143

ⅩⅧ．Advances by Scheduled Banks to Industry172

ⅩⅨ．Estimates of Capital Invested in Pakistan Industries up to 30th June 1955174

ⅩⅩ．PIDC Projects175

ⅩⅪ．PIDC Programme，1955-60175

ⅩⅫ．Production of Selected Large-scale Industries，1948-56187

ⅩⅩⅢ．Projected Large-scale Industrial Development，1955-60188

ⅩⅩⅣ．Occupation of Non-Agricultural Labour Force191

ⅩⅩⅤ．Selected Small-scale and Cottage Industries Private InvestmentProgramme，1955-60197

ⅩⅩⅥ．Output and Imports of Selected Fuels and Minerals in Pakistan，1948-56209

ⅩⅩⅦ．Power Development in East Pakistan210

ⅩⅩⅧ．Power Development in West Pakistan218

ⅩⅩⅨ．Railway Statistics228

ⅩⅩⅩ．Traffic through the Port of Karachi，1948-55246

ⅩⅩⅪ．Traffic through the Port of Chittagong，1946-55246

ⅩⅩⅫ．Traffic through the Port of Khulna-Mangla，1951-5246

ⅩⅩⅩⅢ．Post Office Revenue Account，1947-55258

ⅩⅩⅩⅣ．Telephones—Operating Results，1947-55259

ⅩⅩⅩⅤ．Telegraph System—Operating Results，1948-55260

ⅩⅩⅩⅥ．Foreign Trade since 1st July 1948265

ⅩⅩⅩⅦ．Principal Exports266

ⅩⅩⅩⅧ．Principal Imports272

ⅩⅩⅩⅨ．Imports on Government Account274

ⅩL．Balance of Payments(All Countries)285

ⅩLⅠ．Gold，Dollar，and Sterling Assets287

ⅩLⅡ．Loans and Credits289

ⅩLⅢ．Non-Military Foreign Aid Allotments291

ⅩLⅣ．Geographical Distribution of Balance of Payments292

ⅩLⅤ．Summary—Current Account304

ⅩLⅥ．Consolidated Central Budgets(Revenue and Capital，1947-8 to 1956-7)317

ⅩLⅦ．Direct Development Capital Outlay of Central Government318

ⅩLⅧ．East Bengal Budgets330

ⅩLⅨ．The Punjab Budgets336

L．Sind Budgets340

LⅠ．N．W．F．P．Budgets346

LⅡ．Consolidated Revenues of Provinces350

LⅢ．Receipts of Provinces from Central Taxes351

LⅣ．Grants-in-Aid352

LⅤ．Credit extended by the State Bank366

LⅥ．Fluctuations in Note Circulation367

LⅦ．Monetary Statistics370

LⅧ．Permanent Rupee Debt Outstanding372

LⅨ．Advances Distributed by Nationality of Scheduled Banks andaccording to Major Economic Groups as on 30th June 1955382

LⅩ．Scheduled Banks in Pakistan385

LⅪ．Advance Rates by Types of Securities Pledged387

LⅫ．Scheduled Banks in Pakistan388

LⅩⅢ．Net Amount of New Life Business，1948-53397

LⅩⅣ．Non-Life Insurance398

LⅩⅤ．Percentage Share of Pakistani Insurers399

LⅩⅥ．Share Listings on the Stock Exchange402

LⅩⅦ．Selected Statistics of Specialized Financial Insitutions407

LⅩⅧ．Indices of Unit Values of Imports and Exports and Terms ofTrade414

LⅩⅨ．Cost of Living Indices：Working Class416

LⅩⅩ．Wages Paid to Agricultural Labour on Government Farms，1952-3433

LⅩⅪ．Labour Distribution by Organized Trades439

LⅩⅫ．Average Annual Earnings per Worker in Perennial Factories from1951 to 1953 by Province and Industry440

LⅩⅩⅢ．Industry-wide Distribution of Membership in Registered TradeUnions443

LⅩⅩⅣ．Registered Trade Unions444

LⅩⅩⅤ．Statistics of Labour Disputes452

LⅩⅩⅥ．Employment and Training Statistics456

LⅩⅩⅦ．Distribution of Muhajirs，according to Area of Settlement andChief Zones of Previous Residence465

LⅩⅩⅧ．Proportions of Economic Categories in Total Population andamong Muhajirs465

LⅩⅩⅨ．Economic Groups and Occupations of Muhajirs—All-Pakistan467

LⅩⅩⅩ．Growth of Towns and Refugees474

LⅩⅩⅪ．Main Provisions and Targets of the Six Year DevelopmentPlan481

LⅩⅩⅫ．List of Projects included in the Two Year Priority Plan484

LⅩⅩⅩⅢ．Distribution of Outlay and Results in Public SectorDevelopment Programme in the Five Year Plan Draft494

LⅩⅩⅩⅣ．Actual and Expected Employment Levels in Large-scaleIndustry，1954 and 1960500