《WATER POLLUTION SECOND EDITION》

1．A Rèsource Endangered1

2．Water:A Life Support System4

1．An example of food chains with the black bream6

1．Relationship of current speed to the nature of the stream bed7

The Marine Environment7

2．Oxygen flows per day measured in a tidal urban creek7

Estuarine Systems8

Inland Waters9

3．Pollution Ecology11

List of Figures11

Generalized Effects of Pollutants on Streams12

List of Tables13

3．Generalized diagrams illustrating the effects of deoxygenating substances and toxic substances on streams13

Biological Evaluation of Pollution14

List of Plates17

4．Number of individual species and species diversity of macroinvertebrate fauna offshore from Hastings in the North Arm of Western Port,Victoria17

5．A hypothetical food web illustrating energy flow modification as a result of pollution18

Preface19

2．Some Australian aquatic organisms which have been suggested or used as biochemical indicators20

6．Hypothetical lethal response curve of an animal population exposed to a toxicant21

3．General classification of the toxicity of substances22

7．Estimation of the threshold lethal concentration23

Aerobic Degradation of Organic Wastes25

4．Animal and Vegetable Wastes25

4．Minimum concentration of dissolved oxygen required by various species of fish26

Minimum Acceptable Dissolved Oxygen Levels26

5．Recommended minimal acceptable concentrations of dissolved oxygen in freshwater27

1．Seawater,after collection in a sampling device,being transferred to a bottle for later analysis for dissolved oxygen28

Effects of Organic Discharges on Dissolved Oxygen in Streams29

8．Dissolved oxygen profile of the Burnett River29

Anaerobic Processes:Production of Poisonous Gases from Animal and Vegetable Wastes31

The Ecological Effects of Organic Wastes32

Ecological Effects of Heavy Metals32

6．Associations of animals,plants and insects found in the pollution zones of Farmer's Creek and Cox's River,NSW33

7．Biological evaluation of organic pollution in New Zealand streams34

8．Algae from Carmer's Creek and Cox's River,NSW35

9．Biological and dissolved oxygen data for sampling sites on Dandenong Creek,Victoria36

Seasonal Factors37

10．Seasonal flow characteristics of streams in Australia and New Zealand37

9．Variation of species diversity and rainfall in Moggill Creek,Brisbane38

10．Diurnal variations in dissolved oxygen in an urban creek39

Diurnal Variations39

Pollution by Micro-organisms40

11．Bacteriological quality of recreational waters40

5．Accelerated Eutrophication and Enrichment of Streams42

11．Net primary productivity patterns of the oceans43

Characteristics of Eutrophication44

2．Excess growth of aquatic plants in a freshwater lake in Victoria45

12．A generalized diagrammatic representation of some major chemical processes occurring in aquatic areas46

13．Generalized patterns for surface to bottom distributions of dissolved oxygen and plant nutrients for oligotrophic and eutrophic water bodies46

12．Measures of eutrophication in a water body47

14．Total nitrogen and total inorganic phosphorus as related to rainfall at Braidwood Lagoon,NSW48

Eutrophication and Lake Water Movement49

Changes in Ecological Relationships49

15．Seasonal change in dissolved oxygen and temperature surface to bottom profiles for Lake Ngahewa,New Zealand50

Streams and Nutrient Enrichment51

Problems Caused by Accelerated Eutrophication51

16．Generalized diagrams illustrating the generation of plantnutrient salts from organic wastes and plant growth in streams52

17．Biomass accumulation in Moggill Creek,Brisbane,which is subject to a secondary sewage treatment plant discharge53

Causes of Accelerated Eutrophication53

13．Summary of estimated nitrogen and phosphorus reaching Wisconsin water bodies54

Control of Eutrophication56

14．General characteristics frequently used to classify lakes56

15．Plankton and associated characteristics of oligotrophic and eutrophic lakes57

16．Nutrient concentrations in relation to trophic status of water bodies58

The Australian Position59

Pesticides61

6．Synthetic Chemicals61

18．Toxicity of various insecticides to some species of fish62

17．Relative toxicities of pesticides to aquatic animals62

3．Fish kill caused by accidental discharge of insecticides into an Australian river63

18．Approximate range of persistence of pesticides in soils64

19．Chemical structures of some organochlorine insecticides65

20．General pattern of degradation of DDT66

21．The accumulation of insecticides in aquatic food chains68

19．DDT residues in various aquatic animals in the Namoi Region,NSW69

20．Residues of DDT and metabolites in certain Australian and New Zealand animals70

21．Residues of DDT and metabolites in certain Australian and New Zealand aquatic birds71

22．Change in the thickness of Australian peregrine falcon eggshells73

23．General structure of the organophosphorus insecticides75

4．The impact of aerial spraying of an organophosphorus insecticide is checked by evaluating the effects on caged insects77

25．Synthesis of 245T78

24．The chemical structures of some commonly used herbicides78

26．Chemical processes leading to the formation of TCDD79

22．Some reported PCB concentrations in animal muscle tissue81

Polychlorinated Biphenyls(PCB's)81

27．Chemical structures for some polychlorinated biphenyls83

23．Occurrence of PCB's in the Australian and New Zealand environment and in man.85

Detergents87

28．Chemical structures of LAS and ABS surfactants89

24．Some lethal concentrations of surfactants for fish90

Industrial Wastes91

25．Some common substances found in waste waters from chemical industries91

5．Fish kills of this kind occur fairly frequently in the industrial areas of Australia and New Zealand93

26．Some lethal concentrations of common waste chemicals94

7．Petrochemicals95

The Quantity of Oil Entering the Oceans97

27．Estimated yearly input of petroleum into the oceans98

The Nature of Petroleum99

28．Toxicity of aromatic hydrocarbons to fish100

29．Examples of hydrocarbons which occur in petroleum100

The Fate of Petroleum in the Sea101

30．Diagrammatic summary of the fate of petroleum in an aquatic area102

29．Environmental fate of crude oil103

General Effects on Marine Life Forms104

30．Effects of lethal and sub-lethal concentrations of soluble petroleum and petroleum products on marine organisms106

31．Factors influencing biological damage by oil106

Some Effects on Marine Organisms107

Some Effects on Major Ecosystems109

Tainting of Australian Sea Mullet and Other Marine Animals109

32．Summary of effects of petroleum on some major ecosystems110

33．Occurrence of kerosene-like hydrocarbons in some fish in the Brisbane River,Queensland112

Clean-up of Oil Slicks113

Public Health Aspects113

Biochemical Indicators113

6．Treatment of an oil spill in an Australian marine area with a dispersant116

8．Metals,Minerals and Suspended Solids118

Chemical Form of Metals119

34．Forms of occurrence of metal species in natural waters120

Occurrence and Source of Heavy Metals in Australian Waters121

31．Chemical reactions involved in the formation of acid mine drainage water122

35．Occurrence of some heavy metals in Australian streams and domestic waters124

Uptake of Metals by Aquatic Organisms126

36．Enrichment or biological concentration factors for heavy metals from seawater127

37．Some concentrations of heavy metals in Australian and New Zealand organisms128

38．Maximum concentrations of some heavy metals and arsenic allowed in food129

Toxicity of Heavy Metals to Aquatic Organisms　130

39．Heavy metal LC50's for a variety of Australian aquatic organisms133

32．Composition of the fauna and numbers of animals in the Molonglo River,ACT135

Mercury:A Case History136

Silt140

7．Silt containing discharge from an Australian sand mining dredge141

Radioactive Wastes142

40．Half lives of some radioactive elements143

9．Salinity Problems145

41．Limiting values of salinity for water supplied to horticultural crops146

River Salinity146

33．Longitudinal salinity profiles of the Murray River147

Salinization in Western Australia149

42．Thermal death points of fish150

Effects of Thermal Stress on Aquatic Organisms　150

10．Thermal Pollution150

43．Variations in aquatic communities due to a thermal discharge into the La Trobe River,Victoria152

Discharges from Dams152

44．Spawning temperatures for some native Australian fish153

Criteria153

11．Living Organisms as Pollutants154

45．Self-maintaining introduced freshwater species in Australia154

12．Effects of Land Use and Engineering Works on Water Quality157

Effects of Agriculture on Water Run-Off Composition158

Urban Areas and Water Quality159

Simulation Modelling of the Effects of Land Use on Water Quality159

Effects of Engineering Works on Water Quality160

13．Pollution Investigations161

46．Some animals useful for the biological assessment of stream pollution162

General Aspects of Control and Water Reuse167

14．The Control of Pollution167

34．Diagrammatic illustration of the operation of an activated sludge secondary sewage treatment plant168

8．The Bolivar sewage treatment plant in Adelaide169

Legislation and Administration170

35．Idealized processes for the control and management of water pollution172

15．The Challenge of the Future173

References176

Index197