《A Manual of the Mollusca being a Treatise on Recent and Fossil Shells》

PART Ⅰ.1

CHAPTER Ⅰ.1

ON THE POSITION OF THE MOLLUSCA IN THE ANIMAL KINGLOM. —Characters of the five primary groups,or sub-kingdoms: —Vertebrata—Mollusca—Annulosa—C?lenterata—Protozoa. Their antiquity1

CLASSES OF MOLLUSCA. —1. Cephalopoda. —2. Gasteropoda—3. Pteropoda. —4. Brachiopoda. —5. Lamellibranchiata3

HABITS AND ECONOMY OF THE MOLLUSCA. —Sedentary tribes,their mode of attachment; locomotive tribes,their means of progression; situations frequented by shell-fish. —Food: vegetable,infusorial,and animal feeders. —Use of shell-fish to other animals for food; use of shells for ornamental and other purposes; prices of shells. —Longevity of molluscous animals; tenacity of life; fecundity; oviposition7

STRUCTURE AND PHYSIOLOGY OF THE MOLLUSCA. —Nervous system; organs of sense. —Muscular system. —Digestive system; lingual teeth; secrctions. —Circulating system; aquiferous canals. —Respiratory system. —The shell,its composition and structure; nacreous,fibrous,and porcellanous shells; epidermis; erosion of fresh-water shells. —Formation and growth of the shell; adult characters; decollated shells; monstrosities; colours; the operculum; homologies. —Temperature and hybernation. —Reproduction: of lost parts; by gemmation; viviparous; alternate; oviparous. —Development15

CLASSIFICATION.—Affinities; analogies; species; genera; families; the quinary system; synonyms; authorities; types; abbreviations45

CHAPTER Ⅱ.50

GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION.—Land provinces; marine provinces.—Specific areas; specific centres.—Generic areas; sub-generic areas.—Boundaries; influence of climate.—Origin of provinces50

MARINE PROVINCES.—Arctic genera; tropical genera; cosmopolitan species54

Ⅰ. Arctic Province57

Ⅱ. Boreal Province: Norway,New England60

Ⅲ. Celtic Province: Britain,Denmark61

Ⅳ. Lusitanian Province: Portugal,Canaries,Madeira,Azores,Mediterranean,Black Sea63

Ⅴ. Aralo-Caspian Province68

Ⅵ. West-African Province69

Ⅶ. South-African Province70

Ⅷ. Indo-Pacific Province: Red Sea,Persian Gulf71

Ⅸ. Australo-Zelandic Province: New South Wales,Tasmania,New Zealand74

Ⅹ. Japonic Province75

Ⅺ. Aleutian Province: Ochotsk,Sitka76

Provinces on the Western Coast of America77

Ⅻ. Californian Province78

ⅩⅢ. Panamic Province: Galapagos79

ⅩⅣ. Peruvian Province81

ⅩⅤ. Magellanic Province: Falkland Islands82

ⅩⅥ. Patagonian Province83

ⅩⅦ. Caribbean Province84

ⅩⅧ. Transatlantic Province85

LAND REGIONS.—Distribution of land and fresh-water shells; genera of the Old and New World; arctic regions86

1. Germanic Region: Siberia89

2. Lusitanian Region: Mediterranean Islands; Madeira, Azores, Canaries, Cape de Verdes,Ascension91

S. Helena,Tristan d'Acunha96

3. African Region97

4. Cape Region97

5. Yemen—Madagascar: Comoro Islands, Seychelles, Mauritius, Bourbon, Rodriguez98

6. Indian Region: Ceylon99

7. China and Japan101

8. Philippine Islands101

9. Java102

10. Borneo102

11. Papua and New Ireland103

12. Australian Region103

13. South Australia and Tasmania104

14. New Zealand104

15. Polynesian Region Salomons, New Hebrides, New Caledonia, Feejees; Friendly, Navigator's, Society Islands; Low Coral Islands; Sandwich Islands104

16. Canadian Regions: New England106

17. Atlantic States107

18. American Region108

19. Oregon and California109

20. Mexican Region109

21. Antilles110

22. Columbian Region: Galapagos111

23. Brazilian Region112

24. Peruvian Region113

25. Argentine Region114

26. Chilian Region: Juan Fernandez114

27. Patagonian Region: Fuegia,Falklands115

CHAPTER Ⅲ.117

DISTRTBUTION OF THE MOLLUSCA IN TIME.—Geological Table; distribution of Species in the Strata; of Genera; table of Characteristic genera; table showing range of genera; range of families; numerical development in time.—Order of appearance of groups of shells; order of succession.—Migration of species and diffusion of Genera in former times.—Method of Geological investigation. —Tertiary Age.—Secondary Age.—Pal?ozoic Age.—Numerical estimate: living and fossil species117

CHAPTER Ⅳ.136

ON COLLECTING SHELLS.—Land-shells; elevation on mountains.—Fresh-water shells.—Sea-shells,littoral species; floating mollusca: the towing—gnet; trawling; kettle-nets; deep-sea fishery; trapping whelks; dredging136

Dredging papers,by M'Andrew and Barrett,Norway144

Dredging papers,by Forbes,?gean148

Zones of depth: littoral; laminarian; coralline; deep-sea coral zone151

Preservation of Molluscous animals for examination153

PART Ⅱ. SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA.155

CHAPTER. Ⅰ.155

CLASS Ⅰ. CEPHALOPODA. ORDER Ⅰ. DIBRANCHIATA155

SECTION A. OCTOPODA158

Fam. Ⅰ. Argonautid?.—Argonauta161

Fam. Ⅱ. Octopodid?.—Octopus,Pinnoctopus,Eledonc,Cirroteuthis,Philonexis,Sc?urgus,Bolit?na163

SECTION B. DECAPODA166

Fam. Ⅲ. Teuthid?.—Loligo, Gonatus, Sepioteuthis, Beloteuthis, Geoteuthis, Leptoteuthis, Cranchia, Sepiola, Loligopsis, Cheiroteuthis, Histioteuthis, Onychoteuthis, Enoploteuthis, Ommastrephes, Thysanoteuthis, Loliolus, Plesioteuthis, Dosidicus167

Fam. Ⅳ. Belemnitid?.—Belemnites, Belemnitella, Xiphoteuthis, Acanthoteuthis, Belemnoteuthis, Conoteuthis173

Fam. Ⅴ. Sepiad?.—Sepia, Spirulirostra, Beloptera, Belemnosis, Helicerus176

Fam. Ⅵ. Spirulid?.—Spirula178

ORDERⅡ. TETRABRANCHIATA178

Fam. Ⅰ. Nautilid?.—Nautilus, Lituites, Trochoceras, Clymenia185

Fam. Ⅱ. Orthoceratid?.—Orthoceras, Gomphoceras, Oncoceras, Phragmoceras, Cyrtoceras, Gyroceras, Thoracoceras, Nothoceras190

Fam. Ⅲ. Ammonitid?.—Goniatites, Rhabdoceras, Bactrites, Ceratites, Ammonites, Crioceras, Toxoceras, Ancyloceras, Scaphites, Helicoceras, Turrilites, Hamites, Ptychoceras, Baculites195

CHATTERⅡ.202

CLASS Ⅱ. GASTEROPODA202

ORDER Ⅰ. PROSOBRANCHIATA209

SECTION A. SIPHONOSTOMATA209

Fam. Ⅰ. Strombid?.—Strombus, Pteroceras, Rostellaria, Seraphs210

Fam. Ⅱ. Murieid?.—Murex, Typhis, Pisania, Ranella, Triton, Fasciolaria, Turbinella, Cancellaria, Dibaphus, Tricho-tropis, Pyrula, Fusus212

Fam. Ⅲ. Buccinid?.—Buccinum, Pseudoliva, Anolax, Halia, Terebra, Eburna, Nassa, Phos, Ringicula?, Purpura, Purpurina, Rhizochilus, Monoceros, Pedicularia, Ricinula, Planaxis, Magilus, Cassis, Oniscia, Cassidaria, Pachybathron, Dolium, Harpa, Columbella, Oliva, Ancillaria218

Fam. Ⅳ. Conid?.—Conus, Pleurotoma, Cithara228

Fam. Ⅴ. Volutid?.—Voluta, Cymba, Mitra, Volvaria, Marginella229

Fam. Ⅵ. Cypr?id?.—Cypr?a, Erato, Ovulum232

SECTION B. HOLOSTOMATA234

Fam. Ⅰ. Naticid?.—Natiea, Deshayesia, Naticella, Sigaretus, Lamellaria, Narica, Velutina, Cryptocella235

Fam. Ⅱ. Pyramidellid?.—Pyramidella, Odostomia, Chemnitzia, Eulima, Monoptigma, Aclis, Styloptygma, Myonia, Leucotina, Stilifer, Loxonema, Macrocheilus238

Fam. Ⅲ. Cerithiad?.—Cerithium, Potamides, Nerin?a, Fastigiella, Aporrhais, Struthiolaria242

Fam. Ⅳ. Melaniad?.—Melania, Paludomus, Melanopsis246

Fam. Ⅴ. Turritellid?.—Turritella, C?cum, Vermetus, Siliquaria, Sealaria248

Fam. Ⅵ. Littorinid?.—Littorina, Solarium, Phorus, Lacuna, Litiopa, Rissoa, Skenea, Truncatella ?, Lithoglyphus250

Fam. Ⅶ. Paludinid?.—Paludina, Ampullaria, Amphibola, Valvata257

Fam. Ⅷ. Neritid?.—Nerita, Pileolus, Neritina, Navicella260

Fam. Ⅸ. Turbinid?.—Turbo, Phasianella, Imperator, Tro-chus, Rotella, Monodonta, Delphinula, Adeorbis, Euom-phalus, Stomatella, Broderipia263

Fam. Ⅹ. Haliotis. -Haliotis, Stomatia, Teinotis, Scissurella, Pleurotomaria,Murchisonia, Trochotoma, Cirrus, Ianthina268

Fam. Ⅺ. Fissurellid?.—Fissurella, Puncturella, Rimula, Emarginula, Parmophorus272

Pam. Ⅻ. Calyptr?id?.—Calyptrt?a, Crepidula, Pileopsis, Hipponyx275

Fam. ⅩⅢ. Patellid?.—Patella, Acm?a, Gadinia, Siphonaria278

Fam. ⅩⅣ. Dentaliad?.—Dentalium282

Fam. ⅩⅤ. Chitonid?.—Chiton282

CLASS Ⅱ. GASTEROPODA. ORDER Ⅱ. PULMONIFERA285

SECTION A. INOPERCULATA285

Fam. Ⅰ. Helicid?.—Helix, Vitrina, Succinea, Bulimus, Achatina, Pupa, Cylindrella, Balea, Tornatellina, Paxillus, Clausilia288

Fam. Ⅱ. Limacid?.—Limax, Anadenus, Incilaria, Arion, Parmacella, Janella, Aneitea, Parmarion, Triboniophorus, Viquesnelia, Testacella295

Fam. Ⅲ. Oncidiad?.—Oncidium, Vaginulus299

Fam. Ⅳ. Limn?id?.—Limn?a, Chilinia, Physa, Ancylus, Planorbis300

Fam. Ⅴ. Auriculid?. —Auricula, Conovulus, Carychium(Siphonaria)303

SECTION B. OPERCULATA305

Fam. Ⅵ. Cyclostomid?. —Cyclostoma, Ferussina ?, Cyclophorus, Pupina, Helicina, Stoastoma306

Fam. Ⅶ. Aciculid?.—Acicula, Geomelania310

ORDER Ⅲ. OPISTHO-BRANCHIATA311

SECTION A. TECTI-BRANCRIATA312

Fam. Ⅰ. Tornatellid?.—Tornatella, Cinulia, Ringicula, Glo-biconcha, Varigera, Tylostoma, Pterodonta ?, Tornatina ?312

Fam. Ⅱ. Bullid?.—Bulla, Acera, Cylichna, Kleinella ?, Amphisphyra, Buccinulus, Aplustrum, Scaphander, Phi-line, Doridium, Gastropteron, Physema315

Fam. Ⅲ. Aplysiad?—Aplysia, Dolabella, Stylocheilus, Dolabrifera, Siphonopyge, Notarchus, Icarus, Lobiger320

Fam. Ⅳ. Pleurobranchid?. —Pleurobranchus, Posterobranch?a, Runcina, Neda, Susaria, Umbrella, Tylodina322

Fam. Ⅴ. Phillidiad?.—Phyllidia, Fryeria, Hypobranchi?a, Diphyllidia324

SECTION B. NUDIBRANCHIATA325

Fam. Ⅵ. Dorid?. Doris, Heptabranchus, Hexabranchus, Atagema, Actinocyclus, Chromodoris, Asteronotus, Glossodoris, Goniodoris, Triopa, ?girus, Thecacera, Polycera, Idalia, Ancula, Ceratosoma, Trevelyana, Crimora, Pelagella, Gymnodoris, Acanthodoris, Casella, Brachychlamis328

Fam. Ⅶ. Tritoniad?.—Tritonia, Scyll?a, Tethys, Bornella, Dendronotus, Doto, Gellina, Melib?a, Lomanotus332

Fam. Ⅷ. ?olid?.—?olis, Glaucus, Fiona, Embletonia, Calma, Favorinus, Galvina, Cuthonia, Filurus, Proctonotus, Antiopa, Herm?a, Alderia, Chior?ra335

Fam. Ⅸ. Phyllirhoid?.—Phyllirhoe338

Fam. Ⅹ. Elysiad?.—Elysia, Acteonia, Cenia, Limapontia, Rhodope339

ORDER Ⅳ. NUCLEOBRANCHIATA340

Fam. Ⅰ. Firolid?.—Firola, Carinaria, Cardiapoda342

Fam. Ⅱ. Atlantid?. Atlanta, Porcellia, Bellerophon, Cyr-tolites, Maclurea343

CLASS Ⅲ PTEROPODA346

SECTION A. THECOSOMATA348

Fam. Ⅰ. Hyaleid?.—Hyalea, Cleodora, Cuvieria, Theca, Pterotheca, Conularia, Eurybia, Cymbulia, Tiedemannia348

Fam. Ⅱ. Limacinid?.—Limacina, Spirialis, Cheletropis, Mac-gillivrayia351

SECTION B. GYMNOSOMATA353

Fam. Ⅲ. Cliid?.—Clio, Pneumodermon, Pelagia, Cymo-docea353

CHAPTER Ⅲ.354

CLASS Ⅳ. BRACHIOPODA354

Fam. Ⅰ. Terebratulid?.—Terebratula, Terebratella, Argiope, Thecidium, Stringocephalus363

Fam. Ⅱ. Spiriferid?.—Spirifera, Athyris, Retzia, Uncites371

Fam. Ⅲ. Rhynchonellid?.—Rhynchonella, Pentamerus, Atrypa375

Fam. Ⅳ. Orthid?.—Orthis, Strophomena, Davidsonia, Cal-ceola379

Fam. Ⅴ. Productid?.—Productus, Strophalosia, Chonetes383

Fam. Ⅵ. Craniad?.—Crania386

Fam. Ⅶ. Discinid?.—Diseina, Siphonotreta388

Fam. Ⅷ. Lingulid?.—Lingula, Obolus390

CHAPTER Ⅳ.393

CLASS Ⅴ. CONCHIFERA393

SECTION A. ASIPHONIDA406

Fam. Ⅰ. Ostreid?.—Ostrea, Anomia, Plaeuna, Pecten, Lima, Spondylus, Plicatula407

Fam. Ⅱ. Aviculid?.—Avicula, Posidonomya, Aviculo-pecten, Gervillia, Perna, Inoceramus, Pinna415

Fam. Ⅲ. Mytilid?.—Mytilus, Myalina, Modiola, Hippomya, Dreissena420

Fam. Ⅳ. Arcad?.—Arca, Cucull?a, Pectunculus, Limopsis, Nucula, Isoarca, Leda, Solenella, Solemya424

Fam. Ⅴ. Trigoniad?.—Trigonia, Myophoria, Axinus, Curtonotus, Pseudaxinus, Lyrodesma430

Fam. Ⅵ. Unionid?.—Unio, Castalia, Anodon, Iridina, Mycetopus, ?theria, Mülleria433

SECTION B. SIPHONIDA: Integro-pallialia436

Fam. Ⅶ. Chamid?.—Chama, Diceras, Requienia437

Fam. Ⅷ. Hippuritid?.—Hippurites, Radiolites, Caprinella, Caprina, Caprotina440

Fam. Ⅸ. Tridacnid?.—Tridacna451

Fam. Ⅹ. Cardiad?.—Cardium, Conocardium453

Fam. Ⅺ. Lucinid?.—Lucina, Corbis, Tancredia, Diplodonta, Ungulina, Kellia, Montacuta, Lepton, Galeomma455

Fam. Ⅻ. Cycladid?.—Cyclas, Cyrena, Cyrenoides461

Fam. ⅩⅢ. Cyprinid?.—Cyprina, Circe, Astarte, Gouldia, Crassatella, Isocardia, Cypricardia, Pleurophorus, Cardilia, Megaledon, Pachydomus, Pachyrisma, Opis, Cardinia. Myoconcha, Cardita, Verticordia463

SECTION C. SIPHONIDA; Sinu-pallialia472

Fam. ⅩⅣ. Venerid?.—Venus, Cytherea, Meroe, Trigona, Artemis, Lucinopsis, Tapes, Venerupis, Petricola, Glaucomya472

Fam. ⅩⅤ. Mactrid?.—Mactra, Harvella, Gnathodon, Lu-traria, Anatinella477

Fam. ⅩⅥ. Tellinid?.—Tellina, Gastrana, Capsula, Quenstedtia, Psammobia, Sanguinolaria, Semele, Mesodesma, Ervilia, Donax, Galatea479

Fam. ⅩⅦ. Solenid?.—Solen; Cultellus, Solecurtus486

Fam. ⅩⅧ. Myacid?.—Mya, Corbula, Ne?ra, Thetis, Panop?a, Glycimmis489

Fam. ⅩⅨ. Anatinid?.—Anatina, Ribeiria, Thracia, Pholadomya, Myacites, Ceromya, Cardiomorpha, Edmondia, Lyonsia, Pandora, Myadora, Myochama, Chamostrea494

Fam. ⅩⅩ. Gastroch?nid?.—Gastroch?na, Saxicava, Ciava-gella, Aspergillum, Humphreyia600

Fam. ⅩⅩⅠ. Pholalid?.—Pholas, Pholadidea, Xylophaga, Teredo603

INDEX608