《LAGAI-THE CHINESE GULAG》

1Introduction1

The Organization and Distribution of Labor Reform Camps,6

The Population of the Labor Reform Camps,14

The Political Function of Labor Reform Camps,19

Political Prisoners in the Laogaidui.21

Thought Reform in the Labor Reform Camps,27

Forced Labor and Labor Production in the Labor Reform Camps,33

Labor Reform Enterprise's Place in the Economic System of the People's Republic of China,41

Notes,49

2Convicted Labor Reform (Laogai)54

The General Development of Convicted Labor Reform,54

Objects of Laogai,61

Living Conditions Under Convicted Labor Reform,64

Punishment in Convicted Labor Reform,68

Convicted Labor Reform Production,72

Notes,77

3Reeducation Through Labor (LaoJiao)81

The Historical Background and Theoretical Basis of Reeducation Through Labor,82

General Development of Reeducation Through Labor (Laojiao),88

Reeducation Through Labor Subjects and Arrests,91

The Realities of Reeducation Through Labor,95

Notes,104

4Forced Job Placement (Jiuye)108

The True Nature of Forced Job Placement,108

The Development of Forced Job Placement,111

Actual Conditions of Forced Job Placement,114

Notes,118

5Labor Reform Under Deng Xiaoping119

Recent Developments in Labor Reform,120

Recent Changes in Labor Reform Policy,122

The New Pattern of Labor Reform Production,127

Lingering Problems,132

Notes,141

Afterword143

Appendix 1: Information on 990 Labor Reform Camps147

Appendix 2: Commodities of the Labor Reform Camps of the People's Republic of China as of March 1990214

Appendix 3: Three Sample Laogaidui218

Appendix 4: Volvo-Chinter Case227

Appendix 5: A List of Nine Industrial Labor Reform Enterprises That Have Attained the Standard of National Second-Level Enterprises229

About the Author, Ted Slingerland231

About the Book234

Index235