《TRANSNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTEL LAW LESSONS IN GLOBBBAL CHANGE》求取 ⇩

Introduction1

Ⅰ. NEW WAYS OF MAKING INTERNATIONAL LAW11

1.Methods to Expedite Environment Protection： International Eco-standards11

The Emerging Concept of International ‘Standards’13

Machinery for Standard-setting15

Acceptance of Standards21

Implementation of Standards27

Towards Eco-standards29

2.The Creation of Transnational Rules for Environmental Protection35

Transnational ‘Eco-standards’35

Transnational ‘Eco-permits’37

Transnational ‘Eco-audits’39

Designing a Prototype40

3.New Approaches to Transnational Environmental Disputes43

Disputes over Reciprocal Obligations46

Disputes over Collective Obligations49

Outlook53

4.To Treaty or Not to Treaty？ A Survey of Practical Experience55

5. UNCED and the Development of International Environmental Law61

Hard or Soft Rules？64

Non-law or Pre-law Outcomes？67

UN Reform or UN By-pass？71

Ⅱ. THE IMPACT OF INNOVATIVE NATIONAL LAW79

6.Pollution Sanctions： New Alternatives to Civil Liability79

Alternatives80

Implications83

7.The Role of Domestic Procedures in Transnational Environmental Disputes87

Five Cases87

The Domestic Alternative97

Problems and Prospects102

Coping with Diversity119

8.The Precautionary Principle： A European Perspective129

Ⅲ.NEW FOCAL AREAS143

9.Commodity or Taboo？ International Regulation of Trade in Endangered Species143

The Wildlife Trade Problem143

International Response to the Problem145

Evolution of the Regime149

Implementation161

Impact on the Problem168

Barriers to Further Progress170

10.The Rise of Regional Agreements for Marine Environment Protection175

11.Regional Approaches to Transboundary Air Pollution189

Joint Programmes and Agreements197

Policy Criteria for International Agreements202

12. Protecting the Ozone Layer207

The Chlorine Problem207

International Initiatives209

Outcomes211

13. Carrots Without Sticks？ New Financial Mechanisms for Global Environmental Agreements215

The Limits of Green Aid215

The Emergence of Global Eco-funds217

Common Characteristics222

Apprehensions227

Quid Pro Quo？231

Ⅳ A NEW EMPHASIS ON EFFECTIVENESS OF LEGAL INSTITUTIONS237

14. CITES and the Migratory Cactus237

15. Environmental Legislation and Technical Assistance241

The Transfer of Legal-institutional Innovations242

The Methods of Legislative Assistance243

16. Innovations in International Environmental Governance253

Standard-setting255

Licensing260

Auditing263

17.The Effectiveness of International Environmental Agreements： Taking Stock269

Objectives and Achievement269

Participation272

Implementation and Information274

Operation， Review and Adjustment277

Codification Programming278

Possible Follow-up Action280

Annex： List of Multilateral Agreements and Instruments （‘Rio Baseline’）283

18. Trusts for the Earth291

Rediscovering the Trust in International Law292

A Spectrum of Innovative Funds： Case Histories293

Trusts for Treaties？308

19. International Economic Instruments for Sustainable Development： Sticks， Carrots， and Games313

Coercive Instruments （‘Sticks’）314

Incentive Instruments （‘Carrots’）320

Cubean Instruments （‘Games’）326

20. Institution-building to Assist Compliance with International Environmental Law： Perspectives331

Institutions to Ascertain Standards333

Institutions to Upgrade Capacity336

Institutions to Cope with Change341

Conclusions346

Bibliographical References351

Index： Acronyms， Cases， Names， Subjects and Websites357