《UNFAIR COMPETITION LAW THE PROTECTION OF INTECTUAL AND INDUSRIAL CREATIVITY》

Introduction1

Methodology4

Chapter 1: Unfair Competition, its Legal Basis6

Introduction6

1 Unfair Competition, International Principles6

2 The Pre-emption Norm Examined11

2.1 Pre-emption Theory11

2.2 Pre-emption in the United States12

2.2.1 The Unfair Competition Doctrine at Common Law in the United States12

2.2.2 Federal Pre-emption15

2.3 Uniform Benelux Trade Mark Law, Harmonization Efforts and Reverse Pre-emption19

Conclusion22

3 Unfair Competition Law, its Present Status, its Legal Basis and the Pre-emption Norm22

3.1 Unfair Competition: Its Legal Basis22

3.2 The Civil Code Principles, Common Law, and Case Law Approach24

3.2.1 France24

3.2.2 The Netherlands32

3.2.3 Italy49

3.2.4 The United Kingdom52

3.2.5 The Civil Code Principle and Common Law Approach: Conclusion55

3.3 The Lex Specialis Approach55

3.3.1 Belgium55

3.3.2 Germany56

3.3.3 Austria64

3.3.4 Switzerland65

3.3.5 Luxembourg66

3.3.6 Spain67

3.3.7 Greece67

3.3.8 Portugal67

3.3.9 Denmark67

3.3.10 Sweden68

3.3.11 The Lex Specialis Approach: Conclusion68

3.4 The Concurrent Approach and Hybrids69

3.4.1 Canada's Common Law and Quebec's Civil Code69

3.4.2 South Africa: Passing off, Unlawful Competition, and Policy Considerations70

3.4.3 Israel75

Conclusion76

Chapter 2: Applying the General Principle in Particular Circumstances78

Introduction78

1 Unfair Competition: Finding Objective Criteria78

1.1 Property79

1.2 How to Establish the Legal Rule in Unfair Competition Cases86

1.3 The General Clause and Legal Method88

2 The General Clause and its Legal Framework93

2.1 Common Norms93

2.2 Transcending Common Norms94

Conclusion96

Chapter 3: The Economics of Pre-emption and the Abuse of a Dominant Position97

Introduction97

1 Unfair Competition and Economics97

2 The Economic Justification of Intellectual Property Rights100

3 Property Rules and Liability Rules104

4 Modification of the Outcome of Analogous Treatment106

5 Redefining Monopolies According to Economics107

5.1 From Dilution to Misappropriation109

5.2 A Sweat-of-the-Brow Example111

6 Misappropriation as the Third Paradigm of Intellectual Property?113

7 Market Failure and Parasitic Competition115

8 Monopoly Power—Abuse of a Dominant Position115

Conclusion120

Chapter 4: Shaping a New Action of Malign Competition121

Introduction121

1 Unjust Enrichment as the Basis for Unfair Competition121

1.1 Unjust Enrichment121

1.2 Restitutio123

1.3 Corrective Justice123

1.4 Restitutio and Unjust Enrichment124

2 Development of the Sources of Unjust Enrichment124

2.1 Unjust Enrichment in Germany125

2.2 Unjust Enrichment in France128

2.3 Unjust Enrichment in The Netherlands129

2.4 Unjust Enrichment in English Law130

3 Unjust Enrichment and Unfair Competition134

3.1 Legal Framework135

3.2 Contrast to and Augmentation of Passing Off136

3.3 Property Theories Abandoned136

4 Unjust Enrichment as a Basis: An Action in Malign Competition139

4.1 ‘Unjust'139

4.1.1 Restitution for Wrongs140

4.1.2 Restitution for Enrichment by Subtraction140

4.1.3 Non-voluntary Transfer140

4.1.4 Free Acceptance142

4.1.5 Passive Free Acceptance143

4.1.6 Active Free Acceptance144

4.2 Enrichment144

4.2.1 Free Acceptance144

4.2.2 Incontrovertible Benefit145

4.3 Detriment to the Plaintiff147

5 Unjust Enrichment and Unfair Competition149

5.1 Malign Competition, Recapitulation148

5.2 The Fallback on the Law of Obligations149

5.3 The Synthesis149

Conclusion152

Chapter 5: Cognizance in Malign Competition154

Introduction154

1 The Establishment of Choice through Knowledge in Free Acceptance154

2 Knowledge162

3 Unjust Enrichment and Trust163

4 Cognizance165

4.1 The Baden Criteria in England171

4.2 The Baden Criteria in England: Conclusion177

4.3 The Baden Criteria in New Zealand178

4.4 The Baden Criteria: Conclusion182

5 Cognizance in the Action against Malign Competition183

Conclusion184

Chapter 6: Cognizance in Intellectual Property Law186

Introduction186

1 Constructive Knowledge and Copyright186

Conclusion190

Chapter 7: Malign Competition: Action and Remedy191

Introduction to191

1 Malign Competition: From Liability to Remedy191

2 Malign Competition on a Case-by-case Basis195

2.1 Non-voluntary Transfer195

2.2 Active Free Acceptance197

3 Springboard Injunctions200

4 Malign Competition on a Case-by-case Basis; Further Examples202

4.1 Cadbury Schweppes and Pub Squash203

4.2 Mars206

4.3 Lego207

4.3.1 Malign Competition208

4.3.2 Pre-emption208

4.3.3 Economics of Entitlements209

4.3.4 Reciprocal Unjust Enrichment209

4.3.5 Abuse of a Dominant Position210

Conclusion211

Appendix213

Bibliography217

Index229