《WEBVERTISING UNFAIR COMPETITION AND TRADEMARKS ON THE INTERNRT》求取 ⇩

GeneralReportMatthias W.Stecher, Hayley Stallard1

A.Introduction3

1.The Internet3

2.Legal Issues4

3.Domain Names5

3.1What is a domain name?5

3.2 'Domain name grabbing'7

B.Summary of the National Reports8

1.International Private Law Aspects8

1.1Applicable law8

1.2Jurisdiction9

1.2.1 Convention countries9

1.2.2 Non-convention countries10

1.3 Consequences10

2.Unfair Competition Law11

2.1Unsolicited emailing11

2.2 Comparative advertising11

2.3Advertisement for tobacco products, alcoholic beverages, etc.12

2.3.1 Tobacco12

2.3.2 Alcohol12

2.3.3 Other advertising restrictions12

2.4Competitions and free draws12

2.4.1 Prize draws and lotteries12

2.4.2 Skill competitions13

2.5Other issues13

2.5.1 Combined offers13

2.5.2 Mail order (distance selling)14

2.5.3 Sales14

2.5.4 Editorial14

2.5.5 Misleading advertising15

2.5.6 Hypertext links, framing and meta tags15

2.5.7 Other15

3.Trademark Law15

3.1Trademark v.domain name15

3.1.1 'Domain grabbing'15

3.1.2Other conflicts16

3.1.2.1 Registered trademarks16

3.1.2.2 Other protection17

3.1.2.3 Rights against authority or service provider18

3.1.2.4 Jurisdiction18

3.1.2.5 Rights against generic domain names?18

3.1.2.6 Criminal law19

3.2 Domain name v.domain name19

3.3 Trademark v.trademark20

AustraliaMichael King21

1.International Private Law Aspects23

1.1Applicable law23

1.1.1 Where does unfair conduct occur?23

1.1.2 Extra-territorial operation24

1.2 Jurisdiction25

1.3 Consequences26

2.Unfair Competition Law26

2.1Unsolicited emailing26

2.2 Comparative advertising27

2.3 Advertisement for tobacco products, alcoholic beverages, etc.27

2.4 Competitions and free draws27

2.5Other issues28

2.5.1 Inertia selling28

2.5.2 Sydney 2000 Olympics29

2.5.3 Other unfair practices29

3.Trademark Law30

3.1Trademark v.domain name30

3.2 Domain name v.domain name31

3.3 Trademark v.trademark31

AustriaDr Christoph Petsch33

1.International Private Law Aspects35

1.1Applicable law35

1.2 Jurisdiction37

1.3 Consequences38

2.Unfair Competition Law38

2.1Unsolicited emailing38

2.2 Comparative advertising39

2.3 Advertisement for tobacco products, alcoholic beverages, etc.40

2.4 Competitions and free draws41

2.5 Free gifts41

3.Trademark Law42

3.1Trademark v.domain name42

3.2 Domain name v.domain name44

3.3 Trademark v.trademark44

BelgiumJoren de Wachter47

1.International Private Law Aspects49

1.1Applicable law49

1.1.1.General rule of applicable law concerning unfair competition law49

1.1.2.Applicable law under unfair competition law regarding publicity on the Internet51

1.2 Jurisdiction51

1.3 Consequences52

2.Unfair Competition Law52

2.1Unsolicited emailing52

2.2 Comparative advertising53

2.3 Advertisement for tobacco products, alcoholic beverages, etc.53

3.Trademark Law53

3.1Jurisdiction problems54

3.2 What is domain grabbing or cyber squatting?55

3.3Legal basis for claims against domain grabbing and cyber squatting55

3.3.1.Protected mark or name v.domain name55

3.3.1.1Trademark55

3.3.1.2.Trade name, company name56

3.3.1.3.Other names57

3.3.2.Domain name v.domain name58

3.3.3.Trademark v.trademark58

3.4.Liability of the Internet provider58

FinlandUrsula Schildt59

Introduction61

1.International Private Law Aspects61

1.1Applicable law61

1.2 Jurisdiction63

1.3 Consequences65

2.Unfair Competition Law65

2.1Unsolicited emailing65

2.2 Comparative advertising66

2.3Advertisement for tobacco products, alcoholic beverages, etc.67

2.3.1 Tobacco products67

2.3.2 Alcoholic beverages68

2.3.3 Other products with special regulation on advertising69

2.4 Competitions and free draws70

2.5 Combined offers71

2.6 Electronic commerce as mail order sales71

3.Trademark Law72

3.1Trademark v.domain name75

3.1.1 Firm name v.domain name75

3.1.2 Trademark v.domain name75

3.1.3 Right holder v.Telecommunications Administration Centre76

3.2 Domain name v.domain name77

3.3 Trademark v.trademark77

4.Conclusion78

FranceOlivier Personnaz79

1.International Private Law Aspects81

1.1Applicable law81

1.2 Jurisdiction83

1.3 Consequences84

2.Unfair Competition Law84

2.1Unsolicited emailing84

2.2 Comparative advertising85

2.3Advertisement for tobacco products, alcoholic beverages, etc.85

2.3.1 Tobacco products85

2.3.2 Alcoholic beverages86

2.4 Competitions, games and lotteries87

2.5Further prohibitions88

2.5.1 Bulk sales or combined offers88

2.5.2 Mail order (distance selling)88

2.5.3 Sales88

2.5.4 Misleading advertising88

3.Trademark Law89

3.1Attribution of the domain name89

3.2 Conflicts between pre-existing rights and the domain name90

4.Conclusion91

GermanyMatthias W.Stecher93

1.International Private Law Aspects95

1.1Applicable law95

1.1.1 Case law on international advertising in general95

1.1.2 Case law on advertising on the Internet97

1.1.3 Application of German trademark law97

1.1.4 Choice of law?97

1.2 Jurisdiction98

1.3 Consequences98

2.Unfair Competition Law99

2.1Unsolicited emailing99

2.2 Comparative advertising100

2.3Advertisement for tobacco products, alcoholic beverages, etc.100

2.3.1 Tobacco products100

2.3.2 Alcoholic beverages101

2.3.3 Pharmaceutical drugs101

2.4 Competitions and free draws101

2.5 Rebates and additions102

2.6 Special sales102

2.7 'Separation rule'103

2.8 Further issues103

3.Trademark Law103

3.1Trademark v.domain name103

3.2 Domain name v.domain name106

3.3 Trademark v.trademark107

IsraelGideon Fisher109

1.International Private Law Aspects111

1.1Applicable law111

1.2 Jurisdiction112

1.3 Consequences113

2.Unfair Competition Law113

2.1Unsolicited emailing113

2.2 Comparative advertising113

2.3 Advertisement for tobacco products, alcoholic beverages, etc.114

2.4 Competitions and free draws114

3.Trademark Law114

3.1Trademark v.domain name114

3.2 Domain name v.domain name115

3.3 Trademark v.trademark115

ItalyElena Granatello117

1.International Private Law Aspects119

1.1Applicable law119

1.2 Jurisdiction122

1.3 Consequences124

2.Unfair Competition Law124

2.1Unsolicited emailing124

2.2 Comparative advertising125

2.3 Advertisement for tobacco and medical products126

3.Trademark Law127

3.1Trademark v.domain name128

3.2 Domain name v.domain name130

3.3 Trademark v.trademark131

The NetherlandsW.Th.A.Schermer133

1.International Private Law Aspects135

1.1Applicable law135

1.2 Jurisdiction136

1.3 Consequences136

2.Unfair Competition Law137

2.1General remarks137

2.2 Unsolicited emailing138

2.3 Comparative advertising139

2.4 Advertisement for tobacco products, alcoholic beverages, etc.139

2.5 Rules on advertising for pharmaceuticals140

2.6 Competitions and free draws140

2.7 Consumer Credit Act (CCA)140

2.8 Inertia selling141

2.9 Law on the restriction of gift systems141

3.Trademark Law142

3.1Trade names in the Netherlands142

3.2 Trademarks in the Netherlands142

3.3 Domain names in the Netherlands143

3.4 Trademark v.domain name143

3.5 Trade name v.domain name144

3.6 Trademark v.trademark145

3.7 Stichting Internet Domein Registratie145

3.8 Domain name grabbing145

New ZealandTracey Walker, Earl Gray, Elizabeth Coppins147

1.International Private Law Aspects149

1.1Applicable law149

1.1.1 Passing off150

1.1.2 The Fair Trading Act 1986150

1.1.3 The Advertising Standards Authority151

1.1.4 The language chosen152

1.2Jurisdiction152

1.2.1 The Fair Trading Act 1986 and jurisdiction153

1.2.2 Passing off and jurisdiction154

1.2.3 Advertising Standards Authority and jurisdiction155

1.2.4 Criminal jurisdiction155

1.3 Consequences156

2.Unfair Competition Law156

2.1Unsolicited emailing156

2.2 Comparative advertising157

2.3 Advertisement for tobacco products, alcoholic beverages, etc.157

2.4 Competitions and free draws158

2.5Further issues159

2.5.1 Editorial159

2.5.2 Hypertext links, framing and meta tags159

2.5.3 Denigration of a competitor's products159

3.Trademark Law160

3.1Trademark v.domain name160

3.2 Domain name v.domain name 16l163

PortugalCristina Serzedelo163

Introduction165

1.International Private Law Aspects165

1.1Applicable law166

1.1.1 Advertising166

1.1.2 Unfair competition167

1.1.3 Trademark law167

1.1.4 Foreign infringers167

1.1.5 Applicable law for cross-border consumer contracts made over the Internet168

1.2Jurisdiction169

1.2.1 Jurisdiction in unfair competition and trademark infringement cases169

1.2.2 Jurisdiction on advertising169

1.3 Consequences170

2.Unfair Competition Law170

2.1Unsolicited emailing171

2.2 Comparative advertising172

2.3 Advertisement for tobacco products, alcoholic beverages, etc.172

2.4 Prize draws173

2.5Other trade practices173

2.5.1 Sales promotions174

2.5.2 Clearance sales174

2.5.3 Chain offers174

2.5.4 Presumed sale174

2.5.5 Offers at a loss174

2.5.6 Direct selling to consumers175

2.5.7 Principle of identification and dissimulated advertising (or separation rule)175

3.Trademark Law175

3.1Trademark v.domain name175

3.1.1 Conflict with a prior registered trademark176

3.1.2 Conflict with a prior company name176

3.1.3 Other forms of protection177

3.2 Domain name v.domain name177

4.Conclusion178

SpainSonia Cortés, Silvia Abelló179

1.International Private Law Aspects181

1.1Applicable law181

1.1.1 Contractual obligations181

1.1.2 Non-contractual obligations182

1.2Jurisdiction182

1.2.1 Unfair competition183

1.2.2 Advertising183

1.3 Consequences184

2.Unfair Competition Law184

2.1Unsolicited emailing184

2.2 Comparative advertising185

2.3 Advertisement for tobacco products, alcoholic beverages, etc.185

2.4 Competitions and free draws186

2.5Further issues187

2.5.1 Combined offers187

2.5.2 Mail order (distance selling)187

2.5.3 Sales187

3.Trademark Law188

3.1Trademark v.domain name188

3.2 Domain name v.domain name189

3.3 Trademark v.trademark189

SwedenUlrika Rutgersson-Langenius191

Introduction193

1.International Private Law Aspects194

1.1Applicable law194

1.2 Jurisdiction196

1.3 Consequences197

2.Unfair Competition Law197

2.1Unsolicited emailing198

2.2 Comparative advertising199

2.3 Advertisement for tobacco products, alcoholic beverages, etc.200

2.4 Competitions and free draws201

2.5 Hyperlinks and meta tags201

3.Trademark Law203

3.1Trademark v.domain name203

3.2 Domain name v.domain name204

3.3 Trademark v.trademark204

United KingdomHayley Stallard, Julia Harries207

1.International Private Law Aspects209

1.1Applicable law209

1.2 Jurisdiction210

1.3 Consequences211

2.Unfair Competition Law212

2.1Unsolicited emailing212

2.1.1 Trespass212

2.1.2 Harassment212

2.1.3 Unsolicited Goods and Services Acts 1971 and 1976212

2.1.4 Data Protection Act 1984213

2.1.5 The Mailing Preference Service213

2.1.6 The EU Distance Selling Directive214

2.2Comparative advertising214

2.2.1 Codes214

2.2.2 Trademarks215

2.2.3 Passing off217

2.2.4 Copyright infringement217

2.2.5 Defamation (trade libel/malicious falsehood)218

2.2.6 The Trade Descriptions Act 1968219

2.2.7 The Consumer Protection Act 1987220

2.3Advertisement for tobacco products, alcoholic beverages, etc.220

2.3.1 Alcoholic beverages220

2.3.2 Children220

2.3.3 Health and beauty products and therapies221

2.3.4 Cigarette Code221

2.4 Prize competitions and lotteries222

3.Trademark Law223

3.1Trademark v.domain name223

3.1.1 Trademark infringement223

3.1.2 Passing off223

3.1.3 Action against Nominet UK224

3.1.4 UK Internet cases224

3.2 Domain name v.domain name227

3.3 Trademark v.trademark227

United StatesWilliam C.Altreuter229

1.International Private Law Aspects231

1.1Applicable law231

1.2 Jurisdiction233

1.3 Consequences234

2.Unfair Competition Law235

2.1Unsolicited emailing236

2.2 Comparative advertising238

2.3Advertisement for tobacco products, alcoholic beverages, etc.239

2.3.1 Tobacco products239

2.3.2 Alcoholic beverages239

2.4 Competitions and free draws239

2.5Further issues240

2.5.1 Green claims240

2.5.2 Attorney advertising241

2.5.3 Deceptive practices242

2.5.4 Gambling243

3.Trademark Law243

3.1Trademark v.domain name244

3.2 Trademark v.trademark245

Annex: Advertising on the Web - The Business ViewPatrick Fair247

What is the Internet?249

Why Sell Goods and Services on the Web?250

What Sells on the Web251

The Advantages of Advertising on the Web252

Immediacy252

Targeting252

Audience targeting by content viewed252

Voluntary targeting253

Automatic targeting253

Advertisement server technology253

Automatic reporting254

Types of Web Advertising254

New Legal Issues Arising from Web Advertising255

Practical Steps256

Examples of On-Line Marketing256

Index259