《Civil aviation:standards and liabilities》

INTRODUCTION1

1. LEGAL FRAMEWORK OF AVIATION LAW1

2. INTERNATIONAL LAW5

Worldwide and Regional Rules of International Law5

States5

Sources of International Law6

Treaties7

Conclusion and Entry into Force of Treaties7

Treaties and Succession10

Customary Law10

International Tribunals11

3. STATE DOMESTIC LAW13

Common Law13

"Roman" Civil Law13

Federal Constitution14

Sources of Domestic Law14

Public and Private Law15

Legal Liability16

Contract16

Tort or Delict17

Vicarious Liability18

Breach of Statutory Duty18

Conflict of Laws19

(Ⅰ) Contract19

(Ⅱ) Tort19

Appeals20

4. THE CHICAGO CONVENTION 194421

Part 1: ICAO21

Objectives22

Membership22

Legal capacity22

Part 2: Sovereignty over Airspace23

Part 3: International Standards and Recommended Practices23

(Ⅰ) Europe29

(Ⅱ) USA29

Part 4: Disputes29

Part 5: Appeals30

5. THE ICAO ANNEXES31

Form of Annex31

Annex 1: Personnel Licensing—8th Edition (July 1988)34

(Ⅰ) Articles34

Article 32—Licences of personnel34

Article 33—Recognition of certificates and licences34

Article 39—Endorsement of certificates or licences35

Article 40—Validity of endorsed certificates or licences35

Article 42—Recognition of existing standards of competency of personnel35

(Ⅱ) Summary35

Chapter 1—Definitions and general rules concerning licences35

Chapter 2—Licences and ratings for pilots38

Chapter 3—Licences for other flight crew members39

Chapter 4—Licences and ratings for personnel other than flight crew39

Chapter 5—Specifications for personnel licences40

Chapter 6—Medical provisions for licensing40

(Ⅲ) Comments40

Annex 2: Rules of the Air—9th Edition (July 1990)41

(Ⅰ) Articles41

Article 3bis41

Interception of civil aircraft41

Article 9—Prohibited areas42

Article 12—Rules of the Air42

(Ⅱ) Summary42

Chapter 1—Definitions42

Chapter 2—Applicability of the Rules of the Air ("rules")43

Chapter 3—General Rules44

Chapter 4Visual Flight Rules (VFR)46

Chapter 5—Instrument Flight Rules (IFR)46

Appendices47

Attachments47

(Ⅲ) Comments47

Annex 3: Meteorological Service for International Air Navigation—12th Edition (July 1995)48

(Ⅰ) Articles48

Articles 28, 69, 70, 7148

(Ⅱ) Summary48

Chapter 1—Definitions48

Chapter 2—General provisions48

Chapter 3—-WAFS and meteorological offices49

Chapter 4—-Meteorologicalobservations and reports50

Chapter 5—Aircraft observations and reports51

Chapter 6—-Forecasts51

Chapter 7—SIGMET and AIRMET information, aerodrome warnings and wind shear warnings52

Chapter 8—Aeronautical climatological information52

Chapter 9—Service for operators and flight crew members53

Chapter 10—Information for ATS, SAR and AIS55

Chapter 11—Requirement for and use of communications56

Appendix56

Attachments56

(Ⅲ) Comments56

Annex 4: Aeronautical Charts—9th Edition (July 1995)57

(Ⅰ) Articles57

Article 28—Air navigation facilities and standard systems57

(Ⅱ) Summary57

Chapter 1—Definitions, applicability and availability57

Chapter 2—General specifications58

Chapters 3-19—Specific charts59

Appendices59

(Ⅲ) Comments60

Annex 5: Units of Measurement to be used in Air and Ground Operations4th Edition (July 1979)60

(Ⅰ) Articles60

Article 28—Air navigation facilities and standard systems60

(Ⅱ) Summary60

Chapter 1—Definitions60

Chapter 2—Applicability60

Chapter 3—Standard application of units of measurement61

Chapter 4—Termination of use of non-SI units61

Attachments61

(Ⅲ) Comments62

Annex 6: Operation of Aircraft62

(Ⅰ) Articles62

Article 4—Misuse of civil aviation62

Article 28—Air navigation facilities and standard systems62

Article 29—Documents carried in aircraft63

Article 34—Journey log books63

Article 35—Cargo restrictions63

Article 36—Photographic apparatus63

(Ⅱ) Summary64

PART Ⅰ (7th edition, July 1998)64

Chapter 1—Definitions64

Chapter 2—Applicability64

Chapter 3—General64

Chapter 4—Flight operations65

Chapter 5—Aeroplaneperformance operating limitations68

Chapter 6—Aeroplane instruments, equipment and flight documents69

Chapter 7—Aeroplane communication and navigation equipment70

Chapter 8—Aeroplane maintenance71

Chapter 9—Aeroplane flight crew72

Chapter 10—Flight operations officer/flight dispatcher73

Chapter 11—Manuals, logs and records73

Chapter 12—Cabin attendants73

Chapter 13—Security74

Appendices74

Attachments74

PART Ⅱ (6th edition, July 1998)74

Chapter 1—Definitions74

Chapter 2—Applicability74

Chapter 3—General75

Chapter 4Flight preparation and in-flight procedures75

Chapters 5-975

Appendix75

Attachments75

PART Ⅲ (4th edition, July 1998)75

Section Ⅰ—General75

Chapter 1—Definitions75

Chapter 2—Applicability76

Section Ⅱ—International commercial air transport76

Section Ⅲ—International general aviation76

Appendix76

Attachments76

PANS—OPS76

(Ⅲ) Comments77

Annex 7: Aircraft Nationality and Registration Marks 4th Edition (July 1981)80

(Ⅰ) Articles80

Article 12—Rules of the Air80

Article 17—Nationality of aircraft80

Article 18—Dual registration80

Article 19—National laws governing registration80

Article 20—Display of marks80

Article 21—Report of registrations81

Article 77—Joint operating organisations permitted81

Article 79—Participation in operating organisations81

Article 83bis81

Author's note82

(Ⅱ) Summary82

(Ⅲ) Comments83

Annex 8: Airworthiness of Aircraft—8th Edition (July 1988)84

(Ⅰ) Articles84

Article 29—Documents carried in aircraft84

Article 31—Certificates of Airworthiness84

Article 33—Recognition of certificates84

Article 39—Endorsement of certificates or licences85

Article 40—Validity of endorsed certificates and licences85

Article 41—Recognition of existing standards ofairworthiness85

(Ⅱ) Summary85

PART Ⅰ85

PART Ⅱ—ADMINISTRATION86

Chapter 1—Certificate of Airworthiness86

Chapter 2—Applicability86

Chapter 3—Proof of compliance with appropriate airworthiness requirements86

Chapter 4—Continuing airworthiness of aircraft87

Chapter 5—Validity of the Certificate of Airworthiness87

Chapter 6—Temporary loss of airworthiness87

Chapter 7—Standard form of Certificate of Airworthiness88

Chapter 8—Aircraft limitations and information88

PART Ⅲ—AEROPLANES88

Chapter 1—General88

Chapter 2—Flight88

Chapter 3—Structures90

Chapter 4—Design and construction91

Chapter 5—Engines92

Chapter 6—Propellers93

Chapter 7—Powerplant installation93

Chapter 8—Instruments and equipment94

Chapter 9—Operating limitations and information94

Chapter 10—Continuing airworthiness—maintenance information95

Chapter 11—Security96

PART Ⅳ—HELICOPTERS96

Airworthiness Technical Manual(doc. 9051—AN/896 2nd edition, 1987)96

(Ⅲ) Comments97

Annex 9: Facilitation—10th Edition (April 1997)99

(Ⅰ) Articles99

Article 10—Landing at customs airport99

Article 11—Applicability of air regulations99

Article 13—Entry and clearance regulations99

Article 14—Prevention of spread of diseases99

Article 15—Airport and similar charges100

Article 16—Search of aircraft100

Article 22—Facilitation of formalities100

Article 23—Customs and immigrationprocedures101

Article 24—Customs duties and ancillary documents101

Article 29—Documents the aircraft is required to carry101

(Ⅱ) Summary101

Chapter 1—Definitions and applicability101

A. Definitions101

B. Applicability102

Chapter 2—Entry and departure of aircraft102

A. General102

B. Description, purpose and use of aircraft documents specifically: general declaration, passenger manifest, cargo manifest and AV7102

C. Outbound procedures103

D. Inbound procedures103

E. Consecutive stops103

F. Completion of aircraft documents103

G. Disinsecting of aircraft103

H. Disinfection of aircraft103

I. Other arrangements103

(Ⅰ) General104

(Ⅱ) Advance notification of arrival104

(Ⅲ) Special permission for operations104

(Ⅳ) Clearance and sojourn of aircraft104

Chapter 3—Entry and departure of persons and their baggage105

A. General105

B. Entry requirements and procedures covering:105

(Ⅰ) Passenger identity documents105

(Ⅱ) Visas105

(Ⅲ) Additional documentation105

(Ⅳ) Public health requirements105

(Ⅴ) Clearance procedure105

(Ⅵ) Crewand other operators' personnel106

(Ⅶ) Civil aviation flight operations and cabin safety personnel106

C. Departure requirements and procedures106

D. Completion of passenger and crew documents106

E. Custody and care of passengers and crew and their baggage106

(A) General provisions106

(B) Particular provisions106

Chapter 4—Entry and departure of cargo andother articles108

A. General108

B. Electronic data-processing techniques108

C. Clearance of export cargo108

D. Clearance of import cargo109

E. Containers, pallets and their loads110

F. Limitation of operator's responsibilities110

G. Aircraft equipment stores and parts111

H. Cargo and other articles not entering the country of intended destination111

I. Unaccompanied baggage112

J. Animal and plant shipments112

K. Mail documents and procedures112

Chapter 5—Traffic passing through the territory of a State112

Chapter 6—International airports—facilities and services for traffic112

A. General112

B. Airport traffic flow arrangements113

(Ⅰ) Common provisions113

(Ⅱ) Parking and servicing arrangements113

(Ⅲ) Outbound passengers,crew and baggage113

(Ⅳ) Inbound passengers, crew and baggage114

(Ⅴ) Transit and transfer of passengers and crew114

(Ⅵ) Miscellaneous facilities and services in passenger terminal buildings114

(Ⅶ) Cargo and mail handling and clearance facilities114

C. Facilities required for implementation of public health, emergency medical relief, and animal and plant quarantine measures115

D. Facilities required for clearance controls and operation of control services115

E. Monetary exchange facilities115

Chapter 7—Landing elsewhere than at international airports115

A. General115

B. Short stopover115

C. No resumption of flight116

Chapter 8—Other facilitation provisions116

A. Bonds and exemption from requisition or seizure116

B. Facilitation of search, rescue, accident investigation and salvage116

C. Relief flights following natural and man-made disasters and accidents which seriously endanger human health or the environment,and similar emergency situations where United Nations assis tance is required116

D. Marine pollution and safety emergency operations117

E. Implementation of international health regulations and related provisions117

F. Establishment of national facilitation programmes117

G. Facilitation of the transport of passengers requiring special assistance117

(Ⅰ) General117

(Ⅱ) Access to airports117

(Ⅲ) Access to air services117

Appendices117

Attachment118

(Ⅲ) Comments118

Annex 10: Aeronautical Telecommunications119

(Ⅰ) Articles119

Article 28—Air navigation facilities and standard systems119

Article 30—Aircraft radio equipment119

Article 69—Improvement of air navigation facilities119

Article 83bis119

(Ⅱ) Summary120

VOLUME Ⅰ—RADIO NAVIGATION AIDS120

Chapter 1—Definitions120

Chapter 2—General provisions for radio navigation aids120

Chapter 3—Specifications for radio navigation aids121

Appendix A121

Attachments122

(Ⅲ) Comment122

VOLUME Ⅱ—COMMUNICATION PROCEDURES122

Introduction122

Chapter 1—Definitions122

Chapter 2—Administrative provisions relating to the international aeronautical communication service123

Chapter 3—General procedures for international aeronautical telecommunications service124

Chapter 4 Aeronautical fixed service (AFS)124

Chapter 5—Aeronautical mobile service126

Definitions126

Chapter 6—Aeronautical radio navigation services128

Chapter 7—Aeronautical broadcasting service128

Attachments128

(Ⅲ) Comments128

VOLUME Ⅲ—COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS128

Attachments129

VOLUME Ⅳ—SURVEILLANCE RADAR AND COLLISION AVOIDANCE SYSTEMS129

Chapter 1—Definitions130

Chapter 2—General130

Chapter 3—Surveillance radar systems; and Chapter 4—Airborne collision avoidance systems131

Attachment A131

VOLUME Ⅴ—AERONAUTICAL RADIO FREQUENCY SPECTRUM UTILISATION131

Attachments131

Annex 11: Air Traffic Services—12th Edition (July 1998)131

(Ⅰ) Articles131

Article 1—Sovereignty131

Article 2—Territory132

Article 28—Air navigation facilities and standard systems132

(Ⅱ) Summary132

Chapter 1—Definitions132

Chapter 2—General133

Chapter 3—ATC service138

Chapter 4—Flight Information Service (FIS)141

Chapter 5—Alerting service143

Chapter 6—ATS requirements for communications145

Chapter 7—ATS requirements for information146

Appendices146

Attachments146

PANS—RAC147

(Ⅲ) Comments147

Annex 12: Search and Rescue—6th Edition (March 1975, Reprinted 1994)148

(Ⅰ) Articles148

Article 25—Aircraft in distress148

(Ⅱ) Summary148

Chapter 1—Definitions148

Chapter 2—Organisation148

Chapter 3—Cooperation between States149

Chapter 4—Preparatory measures150

Chapter 5—Operating procedures150

(Ⅲ) Comments153

Annex 13: Aircraft Accident Investigation—8th Edition (1994)154

(Ⅰ) Articles154

Article 26—Investigation of accidents154

(Ⅱ) Summary155

Chapter 1—Definitions155

Chapter 2—Applicability156

Chapter 3—General156

Chapter 4—Notification156

Chapter 5—Investigation158

Responsibility for instituting and conducting the investigation158

Organisation and conduct of the investigation158

General158

Chapter 6—Reporting161

Chapter 7—Accident prevention measures162

Appendix: format of Final Report162

Attachments163

(Ⅲ) Comments163

Annex 14: Aerodromes163

(Ⅰ) Articles163

(Ⅱ) Summary164

VOLUME Ⅰ: AERODROME DESIGN AND OPERATIONS(2ND EDITION, JULY 1995)164

Chapter 1—General164

Chapter 2—Aerodrome data165

Chapters 3-8165

Chapter 9—Emergency and other services165

Appendices170

Attachments170

VOLUME Ⅱ: HELIPORTS (2ND EDITION, JULY 1995)171

Chapter 1171

Chapter 2—Heliport data171

Chapter 3—Physical characteristics171

Chapter 4Obstacle restriction and removal172

Chapter 5—Visual aids172

Chapter 6—Heliport services172

(Ⅲ) Comments173

Annex 15: Aeronautical Information Services—10th Edition (July 1997)174

(Ⅰ) Articles174

Article 28—Air navigation facilities and standard systems174

(Ⅱ) Summary174

Chapter 1—Introduction174

Chapter 2—Definitions174

Chapter 3—General175

Chapter 4—AeronauticalInformation Publications (AIP)177

Chapter 5—NOTAM178

Chapter 6—Aeronautical Information Regulation and Control (AIRAC)180

Chapter 7—Aeronautical Information Circulars (AIC)180

Chapter 8—Pre-flight and post-flight information181

Chapter 9—Telecommunication requirements181

Appendices181

(Ⅲ) Comments182

Annex 16: Environmental Protection182

(Ⅰ) Articles182

(Ⅱ) Summary183

VOLUME Ⅰ: AIRCRAFT NOISE (3RD EDITION, JULY 1993)183

Part Ⅰ: Definitions183

Part Ⅱ: Aircraft noise certification183

Chapter 1—Administration183

Chapter 2—Subsonic jet aeroplanes: application for certificate of airworthiness for the prototype accepted before 6 October 1977184

Chapter 3—Subsonic jet aeroplanes and certain categories of propeller-driven aircraft184

Chapter 4—Supersonic aeroplanes185

Chapter 5—Propeller-driven aeroplanes over 5,700 kg: application for certificate of airworthiness for the prototype accepted before 1 January 1985185

Chapter 6—Propeller-driven aeroplanes not exceeding 8,618 kg: application for prototype certificate of airworthiness accepted before 17 November 1988185

Chapter 7—Propeller-driven STOL aeroplanes185

Chapter 8—Helicopters186

Chapter 9—Installed auxiliary power units (APU) and associated aircraft systems during ground operations186

Chapter 10—Propeller-driven aeroplanes not exceeding 8,618 kg: application for certificate of airworthiness for the prototype or derived version accepted on or after 17 November 1988186

Chapter 11—Helicopters not exceeding 2,730 kg maximum certificated take-off mass186

Part Ⅲ: Noise measurement for monitoring purposes186

Part Ⅳ: Assessment of airport noise187

Part Ⅴ: Criteria for the application of noise abatement operating procedures187

Appendices187

Attachments187

VOLUME Ⅱ: AIRCRAFT ENGINE EMISSIONS (2ND EDITION, JULY 1993)188

Part Ⅰ: Definitions and symbols188

Chapter 1—Definitions188

Chapter 2—Symbols188

Part Ⅱ: Vented fuel188

Chapter 1—Administration188

Chapter 2—Prevention of intentional fuel venting188

Part Ⅲ: Emissions certification189

Chapter 1—Administration189

Chapter 2—Turbo-jet and turbo-fan engines intended for propulsion only at subsonic speeds189

Chapter 3—Turbo-jet and turbo-fan engines intended for propulsion at supersonic speeds190

Appendices190

(Ⅲ) Comments191

Annex 17: Security—Safeguarding International Civil Aviation against Acts of Unlawful Interference—6th Edition (March 1997)193

(Ⅰ) Articles193

Article 4—Misuse of civil aviation193

(Ⅱ) Summary193

Chapter 1—Definitions193

Chapter 2—General194

Chapter 3—Organisation194

Chapter 4—Preventive security measures195

Chapter 5—Management of response to acts of unlawful interference197

Attachment198

(Ⅲ) Comments199

Annex 18: The Safe Transport of Dangerous Goods by Air—2nd Edition (July 1989)199

(Ⅰ) Articles199

(Ⅱ) Summary199

Chapter 1—Definitions199

Chapter 2—Applicability200

Chapter 3—Classification201

Chapter 4—Limitation on the transport of dangerous goods by air201

Chapter 5—Packing201

Chapter 6—Labelling and marking201

Chapter 7—Shipper's responsibilities201

Chapter 8—Operator's responsibilities202

Chapter 9—Provision of information202

Chapter 10—Establishment of training programmes203

Chapter 11—Compliance203

Chapter 12—Dangerous goods accident and incident reporting203

(Ⅲ) Comments203

6. REGULATION OF CIVIL AVIATION IN EUROPE207

Part 1: ECAC207

Article 1—Objective and functions207

Article 2—Membership208

Article 3—Relations with ICAO and other organisations208

Article 4—Bodies and associated bodies of the Conference208

Articles 5 and 6—Sessions208

Article 7—Meetings209

Part 2: JAA209

Paragraph "0"—Definitions209

Paragraph 1—General210

Paragraph 2—Functions of JAA211

Paragraph 3—Commitments of the Authorities211

Paragraph 4Organisation and procedures212

Paragraph 5—Budget212

Paragraph 6—-Membership212

Paragraphs 7-11212

Appendix 1—Development and publication of requirements212

Appendix 2—Joint implementation and joint performance213

Appendix 3—Organisation of the JAA213

Part 3: European Union ("EU")213

Council Regulation of 16 December 1991 on the Harmonisation of Technical Requirements and Administrative Procedures in the Field of Civil Aviation (No. 3922/91)215

Recitals215

Article 1216

Article 2216

Article 3216

Article 4217

Article 5217

Article 6217

Article 7217

Article 8217

Articles 9-13118

Article 14218

Annexes218

7. LIABILITY OF THE AIR CARRIER FOR PASSENGERS, BAGGAGE CARGO AND MAIL221

Part 1—The Warsaw Convention 1929 and Related Treaties221

Introduction221

THE WARSAW CONVENTION CHAPTER Ⅰ224

Scope—Definitions224

(a) Amended Convention—Article 1224

(b) Unamended Convention—Article 1224

(d) ICAO Convention—Article 1224

Comments225

Article 1(1)225

Article 1 (2)226

Article 1 (3)226

(a) Amended Convention—Article 2227

(b) Unamended Convention—Article 2227

(c) and (d) MP4 and ICAO Convention—Article 2227

Comments227

Article 2(1)227

Article 2(2) and Article 2(3)227

CHAPTER Ⅱ227

SECTION 1—PASSENGER TICKET227

(a) Amended Convention—Article 3227

(b) Unamended Convention—Article 3228

(d) ICAO Convention—Article 3228

Comments229

1.Status and form of ticket229

4.Failure to deliver a ticket229

5.To whom must the ticket be delivered?229

6.Is a single ticket adequate for a group of passengers?229

7.When must the ticket be delivered?230

8.Design and wording of the ticket230

9.Language231

10.Agreed stopping places231

SECTION 2—BAGGAGE CHECK232

(a) Amended Convention—Article 4232

(b) Unamended Convention—Article 4232

(d) ICAO Convention233

Comments233

1.Definitions233

2.Issue of baggage check233

3.Courier baggage233

4.and 5. Registered baggage234

6.Pet animals234

7.Baggage check and identification tag234

8.Evidence of registration235

SECTION 3—AIRWAY BILL235

(a) Amended Convention—Article 5235

(c) MP4Article 5235

(d) ICAO Convention—Article 4235

Comments235

1.Definition235

2.Importance236

3.Form and contents236

(a) Amended Convention—Article 6236

(b) Unamended Convention—Article 6236

(c) MP4Article 6236

(d) ICAO Convention—Article 7236

Comments236

(a) Amended Convention—Article 7237

(c) MP4—Article 7237

(d) ICAO Convention—Article 8237

Comments237

(a) Amended Convention—Article 8237

(b) Unamended Convention—Article 8238

(c) MP4Article 8238

(d) ICAO Convention—Article 5238

(d) ICAO Convention—Article 6238

Comments238

(a) Amended Convention—Article 9239

(b) Unamended Convention—Article 9239

(c) MP4Article 9239

(d) ICAO Convention—Article 9239

Comments239

(a) Amended Convention—Article 10240

(b) Unamended Convention—Article 10240

(c) MP4—-Article 10241

(d) ICAO Convention—Article 10241

Comments241

(a) Amended Convention—Article 11241

(c) MP4Article 11242

(d) ICAO Convention—Article 11242

Comments242

(a) Amended Convention—Article 12242

(c) MP4—-Article 12243

(d) ICAO Convention—Article 12243

Comments243

(a) Amended Convention—Article 13244

(c) MP4Article 13244

(d) ICAO Convention—Article 13244

Comments244

(a) Amended Convention—Article 14245

(c) MP4Article 14245

(d) ICAO Convention—Article 14245

Comments245

(a) Amended Convention—Article 15245

(c) MP4Article 15245

(d) ICAO Convention—Article 15245

Comments245

(a) Amended Convention—Article 16246

(c) MP4 Article 16246

(d) ICAO Convention—Article 16246

Comments246

CHAPTER Ⅲ247

LIABILITY OF THE CARRIER247

(a) Amended Convention—Article 17247

(d) ICAO Convention—Article 17247

Comments247

1.Sole cause of action247

2.Passenger248

4.Meaning of death and injury248

5.Accident249

6.Extent of liability250

7.ICAO Convention—Article 17252

(a) Amended Convention—Article 18252

(c) MP4Article 18252

(d) ICAO Convention—Article 18253

Comments253

(a) Amended Convention—Article 19255

(d) ICAO Convention—Article 19255

Comments256

11.Overbooking257

(a) Amended Convention—Article 20258

(b) Unamended Convention—Article 20258

(c) MP4Article 20258

(d) ICAO Convention—equivalent provisions258

Comments258

(a) Amended Convention—Article 21259

(c) MP4 Article 21260

(d) ICAO Convention—Article 20260

Comments260

(a) Amended Convention—Article 22261

(b) Unamended Convention—Article 22262

(c) MP4Article 22262

(d) ICAO Convention—Article 21262

(d) ICAO Convention—Article 22263

(d) ICAO Convention—Article 23263

(d) ICAO Convention—Article 24264

(d) ICAO Convention—Article 25265

(d) ICAO Convention—Article 28265

Comments265

(a) Amended Convention—Article 23268

(d) ICAO Convention—Article 26268

(d) ICAO Convention—Article 28268

Comments268

(a) Amended Convention—Article 24269

(c) MP4Article 24269

(d) ICAO Convention—Article 29269

Comments269

2. Article 24(2)270

(a) Amended Convention—Article 25270

(a) Amended Convention—Article 25A270

(b) Unamended Convention—Article 25271

(c) MP4—Article 25271

(d) ICAO Convention—Article 22.5271

(d) ICAO Convention—Article 30271

Comments272

(a) Amended Convention—Article 26274

(b) Unamended Convention—Article 26275

(d) ICAO Convention—Article 31275

Comments275

(a) Amended Convention—Article 27276

(d) ICAO Convention—Article 32276

Comments277

(a) Amended Convention—Article 28277

(d) ICAO Convention—Article 33277

Comments277

(a) Amended Convention—Article 29279

(d) ICAO Convention—Article 35279

Comments279

(a) Amended Convention—Article 30281

(d) ICAO Convention—Article 36281

Comments281

CHAPTER Ⅳ282

PROVISIONS RELATING TO COMBINED CARRIAGE282

(a) Amended Convention—Article 31282

(d) ICAO Convention—Article 38282

Comments282

MP4—-Article 30A and ICAO Convention—Article 37: Rights of recourse283

Comments283

GENERAL AND FINAL PROVISIONS283

(a) Amended Convention—Article 32283

(d) ICAO Convention—Articles 49 and 34283

Comments284

(a) Amended Convention—Article 33284

(c) MP4 Article 33284

(d) ICAO Convention—Article 27284

Comments284

(a) Amended Convention—Article 34284

(b) Unamended Convention—Article 34284

(c) MP4 Article 34285

(d) ICAO Convention—Article 51285

Comments285

(a) Amended Convention—Article 35285

(d) ICAO Convention—Article 52286

(b) Unamended Convention—Articles 36-41286

Comments286

(b) Unamended Convention—Article 39286

Comments286

(b) Unamended Convention—Article 40286

(a) Amended Convention—Article 40A287

Comments287

(b) Unamended Convention—Article 41287

ADDITIONAL PROTOCOL287

Comments287

(d) ICAO Convention—Article 50287

(a) Amended Convention288

Chapter Ⅱ—Scope of Application of the Convention as Amended by the Hague Protocol288

Article ⅩⅧ288

Comments288

(a) Amended Convention288

ChapterⅢ—Final Clauses of the Hague Protocol288

(c) MP4289

(d) ICAO Convention—Chapter 7289

Article 53.2289

Article 53.5289

Article 53.6289

Article 55—Relationship with other Warsaw Convention Instruments290

Comments290

Article 56—States with more than one system of law290

Article 57—Reservations290

Part 2—Guadalajara Convention 1961291

Article Ⅰ292

Comments293

Article Ⅱ294

Comments294

Article Ⅲ294

Comments294

Articles Ⅳ-Ⅹ295

Comments296

Articles Ⅺ-ⅩⅧ296

Part 3—The Gold Franc and Special Drawing Right296

Part 4—Measures to Increase Carrier's Limit of Liability in Respect of Death or Injury of Passengers299

1. USA Civil Aeronautics Board18900 (Montreal Agreement) 1966300

2. UK300

3. Italy301

4. Japan301

5. Australia301

6. IATA Intercarrier Agreement on Passenger Liability ("IIA")302

7. EC Council Regulation (EC) 2027/97 on Air Carrier Liability in the event of accidents ("Regulation")303

Article 1303

Article 2304

Article 3304

Article 4304

Article 5304

Article 6305

Article 7305

Comments305

Part 5—Air Carriers' Liability for Non-International Carriage of Passengers, Baggage and Cargo305

Jurisdiction308

Part 6—Mail308

8. GENERAL AVIATION AND AERIAL WORK311

Part 1: Commercial Air Transport311

Part 2: Aerial Work312

Part 3: ICAO Manual on Aerial Work314

9. AIRPORTS AND GROUND HANDLING317

Part 1: Definitions317

Part 2: Published Details317

Aeronautical Information Publication (AIP)317

Part 3: Liability of Persons Involved in Airport Operations318

(Ⅰ) Regulatory authorities318

(Ⅱ) Airport operator318

(a) Contract319

(b) Tort319

(Ⅲ) Aircraft operator319

(Ⅳ) Security services provider319

(Ⅴ) Operator of surface vehicles320

(Ⅵ) Ground handler320

(Ⅶ) Providers of warehouse and customs clearance facilities320

(Ⅷ) Fuelling enterprise320

(Ⅸ) Caterers320

Part 4: Public Law Regulations321

Part 5: IATA Airport Handling Manual (19th Edition) (AHM)321

Introduction321

Comment322

Chapter 2—Baggage handling323

Chapter 3—-Cargo323

Chapter 4—Mail handling324

Chapter 5—Load control325

Chapter 6—Aircraft loading and handling on the ramp328

Chapter 7—Aircraft movement control335

Chapter 8—Ground handling agreements335

Main Agreement336

Comment (Article 1)336

Comment (Article 3)336

Comment (Article 5)338

IATA Comments (Article 8)340

Author's Comments (Article 8)340

IATA Comments (Article 9)342

Author's Comments (Article 9)342

Comments (Article 11)343

Catering Service Agreement343

Comments (Article 5.9)344

Comments (Article 8.1)344

Comments (Article 8.2)345

Comments (Articles 8.3 to 8.6)345

Comments (Article 12.3)345

Comments(Standard Training Agreement, Article 1)346

Comments (Standard Training Agreement, Article 6.1)347

Comments (Standard Training Agreement, Article 6.2)347

Summary348

10. LIABILITY FOR DAMAGE CAUSED BY AN AIRCRAFT OTHER THAN TO PASSENGERS, BAGGAGE, CARGO AND MAIL CARRIED ON IT351

Introduction351

Part 1: Damage to Persons or Property on the Surface Caused by Aircraft in Flight351

Convention on Damage caused by Foreign Aircraft to Third Parties on the Surface, Rome 1952351

Article 1351

Comments352

Article 2352

Comments353

Article 3353

Comments353

Article 4353

Article 5353

Comments353

Article 6354

Comments354

Article 7354

Comments354

Article 8354

Article 9354

Comments355

Article 10355

Article 11355

Article 12355

Comments356

Article 13(1) and (2)356

Comments356

Article 14356

Comments357

Article 15357

Article 16357

Article 17357

Article 18358

Article 19358

Comments358

Article 20358

Article 21358

Comments358

Article 22358

Article 23359

Comments359

Article 24359

Comments359

Article 25359

Comments359

Article 26359

Comments359

Article 27359

Article 28360

Article 29360

Article 30360

Articles 31-39360

Annex360

Montreal Protocol 1978360

Article 2360

Article 11361

Article 14361

Articles 15-17361

Article 20361

Article 23361

Article 26361

Article 27361

Article 29361

Article 30362

Comments362

UK Law362

Section 76(1)362

Comments362

Section 76(2)363

Section 76(3)363

Section 76(4)363

Section 77363

Section 78363

Comments364

Case law364

Part 2: Damage Caused by Aircraft in Flight to Persons or Property in the Air364

Aerial collisions364

Wake turbulence365

Part 3: Damage Caused by Aircraft Operating on the Surface366

11. PRODUCTS LIABILITY367

Part 1: Introduction367

Part 2: The Basis of Products Liability and Contract367

Part 3: Contract and Exculpatory Clauses367

Part 4: The Tort of Negligence369

Part 5: Strict Product Liability in Tort371

(Ⅰ) Implied warranty372

(Ⅱ) Strict product liability372

Part 6: EC Directive375

Comments378

12. ACTS OF UNLAWFUL INTERFERENCE AGAINST CIVIL AVIATION381

Introduction381

Tokyo 63382

Chapter Ⅰ—Scope of the Convention382

Chapter Ⅱ—Jurisdiction383

Chapter Ⅲ—Powers of aircraft commander383

Chapter Ⅳ—Unlawful seizure of aircraft386

Chapter Ⅴ—Powers and duties of States387

Chapter Ⅵ388

Hague 70389

Montreal 71392

Montreal 91395

General Comments395

13. ASPECTS OF AIRCRAFT ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION397

Part 1: Other Forms of Investigation and the EU Investigation of Accidents Directive397

Part 2: Application of Annex 13 and the Investigation Directive in the UK399

Part 3: Status of the Annex 13 Report and Related Information in Private Law Litigation403

14. ASPECTS OF LITIGATION AND CLAIMS INCLUDING DAMAGES407

Part 1: Form of Litigation407

(1) Procedure in State courts407

(2) Arbitration407

(3) Alternative dispute resolution408

Part 2: Why Aviation Litigation can be Complex408

Part 3: Jurisdiction and Initiation of Proceedings409

(1) Service409

(2) Jurisdiction410

(Ⅰ) Forum non conveniens411

(Ⅱ) Sovereign immunity412

(Ⅲ) Injunction against plaintiff to restrain foreign proceedings413

(Ⅳ) Lis alibi pendens413

(3) General procedure413

(4) Limitation (or prescription)414

(5) Evidence415

(Ⅰ) Importance of documentary evidence415

(Ⅱ) Production of documents415

(Ⅲ) England416

Documents416

(Ⅳ) USA416

(Ⅴ) Protection of witnesses and privileged information417

(Ⅵ) Hague Convention on the Taking of Evidence417

(6) Protection of assets417

(7) Damages418

(Ⅰ) Common law damages can be either compensatory or punitive418

(Ⅱ) Contract419

(Ⅲ) Tort420

(Ⅳ) Conflict of laws421

(Ⅴ) Mitigation of loss422

(Ⅵ) Damages paid as annuities422

(Ⅶ) Property422

(Ⅷ) Interest422

(Ⅸ) Death or bodily injury422

(8) Enforcement of foreign judgments422

15. RISK MANAGEMENT425

Part 1: Identification and Quantification of Risks Facing an Enterprise426

Part2: Proposals for the Optimum Allocationof Scarce Resources to Control Risk427

Part 3: The Drawing-Up with Line Management of Contingency and Disaster Plans427

Part 4: Proposals for Financing of Risk, Whether by Retention or Transfer428

Part 5: The Purchase of Insurance and/or the Creation and Management of In-House (Captive) Insurance Companies429

Captives429

Part 6: Providing Reports to the Management on the Actual and Potential Cost of Risk430

Part 7: Insurance Risk Management430

16. AVIATION INSURANCE433

Part 1: Introduction433

Part 2: Nature of Insurance434

Part 3: Proper Law of Contract435

Part 4: Law and Practice in the London Market435

Part 5: Parties to the Contract of Insurance436

Part 6: Insurance Brokers437

Part 7: Formation of the Contract of Insurance in the London Market438

Part 8: Insurable Interest440

Part 9: Duty of Disclosure440

Part 10: Misrepresentation under English Law441

Part 11: Policy, Forms and Content442

Part 12: Reinsurance443

Part 13: Deductible444

Part 14: Premium and Commission444

Part 15: London Aircraft Insurance Policy AVN 1C 21.12.98445

Section Ⅰ—Loss of or damage to aircraft445

Paragraph 1 (a)445

Comments445

Paragraph 1 (b)446

Comments446

Paragraph 2447

Comments447

Paragraph 3447

Comments448

Section Ⅱ—Legal liability to third parties (other than passengers)449

Paragraph 1449

Comments449

Paragraph 2450

Comments450

Paragraph 4451

Section Ⅲ—Legal liability to passengers 451

Paragraph 1451

Paragraph 2. Exclusions451

Comments452

Paragraph 3453

Section Ⅳ453

(A) General exclusions453

Comments (exclusion 1)454

Comments (exclusion 2)454

Comments (exclusion 3)455

Comments (exclusion 5)455

Comments (exclusion 6)455

Comments (exclusion 7)456

Comments (exclusion 8)456

Comments (exclusion 9)456

Comments (exclusion 10)456

(B) Conditions Precedent applicable to all sections457

Comments (Conditions Precedent)457

Comments (condition 1)458

Comments (condition 2)459

(C) General Conditions applicable to all sections461

Comments (condition 1)461

Comments (condition 3)461

Comments (condition 6)462

Part 16: Other Policies in the LAUA Book462

1. The Ariel "Airport Owners and Operators Liability Insurance Policy"462

2. Cargo insurance463

(Ⅰ) Cargo legal liability insurance463

(Ⅱ) Cargo all risks insurance464

3. Products liability insurance464

Part 17: Political and Financial Risks Insurance464

Part 18: Compulsory Insurance464

Part 19: Date Recognition Exclusion and Limited Coverage Clauses465

Part 20: Subrogation465

General465

Loan receipt467

Subrogation in liability claims467

17. STRUCTURES AND MATERIALS469

Aircraft Structures469

Available Aircraft Materials469

Metals and alloys469

Ceramics470

Plastics470

Composites470

Airframe Structures471

Airframe Stresses472

Airframe Materials472

Engines473

Stresses in Engines474

Engine Materials474

Equipment476

Mechanical Properties of Aircraft Materials477

The Degradation of Aircraft Materials and Structures479

Wet Corrosion479

Dry Corrosion480

Corrosion Protection480

Fracture482

Overload Fracture483

Fatigue483

Stress Corrosion Cracking (SCC)485

Liquid Metal Embrittlement (LME)486

Solid Metal Embrittlement (SME)487

Hydrogen Embrittlement487

Creep488

The Control of Structural and Material Degradation489

Non-Destructive Testing490

Future Developments492

Conclusions492

18. FLIGHT CREW: TRAINING, FLIGHT TIME LIMITATIONS, NEW TECHNOLOGY495

Introduction495

Section 1: Operations and Training Manuals495

Section 2: Recruitment and Basic Training496

Section 3: Airline Conversion Training497

Section 4: Airline Recurrent Training498

Section 5: Current Attitudes to Training and Checking499

Section 6: The Use of Simulators in Training503

Section 7: Flight Time Limitations504

Section 8: Navigation Aids and New Technology505

19. AIRCRAFT MAINTENANCE PROCEDURES509

Section 1: Introduction509

Section 2: Maintenance Programmes509

Check cycles and their content511

Section 3: Airworthiness Directives513

Section 4: Licensing and Supervision of Engineers515

Section 5: The Relevance of FAR and JAR516

Section 6: Maintenance of Technical Records517

20. HELICOPTER OPERATIONS521

Introduction521

Differences Between Aeroplanes and Helicopters521

Lift generation and control521

Method of propulsion522

Speed limitations522

Altitude control522

Performance comparison523

Mechanical complexity523

Cost523

Helicopter Configurations524

Contra-rotating rotors524

Tandem-rotor524

Intermeshing rotor525

Co-axial rotor525

Single-main-rotor525

Hover Performance525

Multi-Engine Helicopters526

Autorotation527

Multi-Engine Versus Single-Engine528

The Versatile Helicopter529

Advantages529

Helicopter Roles529

Overland operations529

Private529

Air taxi and corporate work529

Pilot training—civil and military530

Transmission line and pipeline inspection530

Other VFR overland roles530

Offshore operations531

Non-hostile sea areas531

Hostile sea areas531

Offshore approaches in poor visibility and/or low cloud532

Offshore operating problems532

Shuttling532

Commercial air transport winching533

Other offshore tasks533

Miscellaneous helicopter roles533

Search and Rescue533

Test flights534

Support roles534

Helicopter Equipment534

Automatic flight control systems534

Navigation systems535

CVFDR535

Icing535

Health and Usage Monitoring Systems (HUMS)536

Safety equipment536

Helicopter Accident—Main Causes537

Future Developments537

EFIS538

Lightning protection539

DGPS539

APPENDICES541

Appendix 1: Definifions541

Appendix 2: Resolution A23-13 of ICAO Assembly on Lease, Charter and Interchange of Aircraft in International Operations543

Appendix 3: ICAO Annex 14—Table of Contents545

Appendix 4: IATA549

Appendix 5: Policy AVN 1C 21.12.98553

Index563