《SALMOND ON JURISPRUDENCE TWELFTH EDTITON》

INTRODUCTION1

1.The Nature and Value of Jurisprudence1

BOOK Ⅰ THE NAT URE OF LAW AND THE ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE9

1.THE NATURE OF LAW9

2.The Purpose of Legal Theory9

3.Law as the Dictate of Reason: Natural Law15

4.Law as the Command of the Sovereign: Imperative Law25

5.Law as the Practice of the Court: Legal Realism35

6.Law as a System of Rules43

7.International Law54

8.The Authority of Law57

9.The Function and Purpose of Law: Justice, Stability and Peaceful Change60

10.Law and Fact65

11.The Territorial Nature of Law75

12.Constitutional Law83

2.THE ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE88

13.Necessity of the Administration of Justice88

14.Civil and Criminal Justice91

15.The Purpose of Criminal Justice: Punishment94

16.Civil Justice； Primary and Sanctioning Rights100

17.Secondary Functions of Courts of Law104

BOOK Ⅱ THE SOURCES OF LAW109

3.THE SOURCES OF LAW109

18.Legal and Historical Sources109

19.The Legal Sources of English Law112

4.LEGISLATION115

20.The Nature of Legislation115

21.Supreme Legislation116

22.Subordinate Legislation122

23.Relation of Legislation to Other Sources124

24.Codification130

25.The Interpretation of Enacted Law131

5.PRECEDENT141

26.The Authority of Precedents141

27.Circumstances Destroying or Weakening the Binding Force of Precedent148

28.The Hierarchy of Authority158

29.The Ratio Decidendi174

30.Judicial Reasoning183

6.CUSTOM189

31.The Early Importance of Customary Law189

32.Reasons for the Reception of Customary Law190

33.Kinds of Custom192

34.Conventional Custom193

35.Local Custom198

36.Custom and Prescription203

37.The General Custom of the Realm205

BOOK Ⅲ LEGAL CONCEPTS215

7.LEGAL RIGHTS215

38.Wrongs215

39.Duties216

40.Rights217

41.The Characteristics of a Legal Right221

42.Legal Rights in a Wider Sense of the Term224

43.The Kinds of Legal Rights233

8.OWNERSHIP246

44.The Idea of Ownership246

45.The Subject-Matter of Ownership249

46.Sole Ownership and Co-Ownership254

47.The Fragmentation of Ownership in respect of Time255

48.Trust and Beneficial Ownership256

49.Legal and Equitable Ownership260

50.Vested and Contingent Ownership262

9.POSSESSION265

51.The Idea of Possession265

52.Possession in Fact270

53.Possession in Law274

54.Immediate and Mediate Possession282

55.Concurrent Possession286

56.The Acquisition of Possession287

57.The Continuance of Possession289

58.Incorporeal Possession290

59.Possession and Ownership292

60.Possessory Remedies294

10.PERSONS298

61.The Nature of Personality298

62.The Legal Status of the Lower Animals299

63.The Legal Status of Dead Men301

64.The Legal Status of Unborn Persons303

65.Double Capacity and Double Personality304

66.Legal Persons305

67.Corporations308

68.The Agents, Beneficiaries and Members of a Corporation311

69.The Acts and Liabilities of a Corporation313

70.The Uses and Purposes of Incorporation316

71.The Creation and Extinction of Corporations320

72.The State as a Corporation321

73.Unincorporated Associations325

74.Corporate Personality328

11.TITLES331

75.Vestitive Facts331

76.Acts in the Law333

77.Agreements336

78.The Classes of Agreements338

79.Void and Voidable Agreements341

12.LIABILITY349

80.The Nature and Kinds of Liability349

81.The Theory of Remedial Liability350

82.The Theory of Penal Liability350

83.Acts352

84.Two Classes of Wrongful Acts355

85.Dam.num Sine Injuria357

86.The Place and Time of an Act358

87.Causation360

88.Mens Rea366

89.Intention367

90.Motives372

91.Malice374

92.Relevance and Irrelevance of Motives375

93.Exceptions to the Irrelevance of Motives377

94.Jus Necessitatis378

95.Negligence380

96.The Duty of Care382

97.The Standard of Care383

98.Degrees in Negligence385

99.The Subjective and Objective Theories of Negligence389

100.Theory of Strict Liability392

101.The Extent of Strict Liability394

102.Mistake of Law395

103.Mistake of Fact397

104.Accident398

105.Vicarious Responsibility400

106.The Measure of Criminal Liability404

107.The Measure of Civil Liability409

13.THE LAW OF PROPERTY411

108.The Meanings of the Term Property411

109.Kinds of Property413

110.The Ownership of Material Things413

111.Movable and Immovable Property416

112.Real and Personal Property420

113.Rights in re propria in Immaterial Things421

114.Leases424

115.Servitudes427

116.Securities428

117.Modes of Acquisition: Possession433

118.Prescription435

119.Agreement439

120.Inheritance442

14.THE LAW OF OBLIGATIONS446

121.The Nature of Obligations446

122.Solidary Obligations448

123.The Sources of Obligations452

124.Obligations arising from Contracts452

125.Obligations arising from Torts453

126.Obligations arising from Quasi-Contracts456

127.Innominate Obligations460

15.THE LAW OF PROCEDURE461

128.Substantive Law and the Law of Procedure461

129.Evidence464

130.The Valuation of Evidence467

131.The Production of Evidence471

Index475