《LE REGLEMENT DES DIFFERENDS SUR LES NOUVELLES RESSOURCES NATURELLES THE SETTLEMENT OF DISPUTES ON T》求取 ⇩

Ouverture du Colloque, par Manfred Lachs et Kinhide Mushakoji3

Opening of the Workshop by Manfred Lachs and Kinhide Mushakoji3

Introduction du sujet, par Rene-Jean Dupuy11

Introduction of the subject by Rene-Jean Dupuy13

PREMIERE PARTIE LE REGLEMENT DES DIFFERENDS APPROCHE ANALYTIQUE19

FIRST PART THE SETTLEMENT OF DISPUTES AN ANALYTICAL APPROACH19

Ⅰ.Presentation du theme - Presentation of the subject19

1.SETTLEMENT OF DISPUTES CONCERNING NEW NATURAL RESOURCES, by M.C.W.PINTO19

Ⅰ.General characteristics of resources-related problems19

Ⅱ.The nature of the community of States20

Ⅲ.The nature of international law22

2.NEW NATURAL RESOURCES AS GLOBAL ISSUES by J.N.ROSENAU25

Are the bottles the same?26

New natural resources as issues28

Conclusion32

Ⅱ.Communications39

A.Le systeme le plus elabore: le reglement des differends sur les fonds marins, patrimoine commun de I’humanite The most elaborated system: the settlement of seabed disputes in the framework of the common heritage of mankind39

1.NOTES SUR LES PROCEDURES DE REGLEMENT DES DIFFE-RENDS RELATIFS AUX RESSOURCES DES FONDS MARINS INTERNATIONAUX （LA ZONE）, par F.PAOLILLO39

La procedure judiciaire41

L’arbitrage45

D’autres procedures de reglement48

Conclusion49

2.CONTRIBUTION TO THE PROBLEM OF THE SETTLEMENT OF DISPUTES CONCERNING THE EXPLOITATION OF SEABED RESOURCES by J.MAKARCZYK53

Ⅰ.General53

Ⅱ.The structure and the applicable law55

Ⅲ.The limitations on jurisdiction of the seabed disputes chamber58

3.SOME REFLECTIONS ON RELYING ON CUSTOMARY INTER-NATIONAL LAW AND AD HOC AGREEMENTS AMONG LIMITED PARTICIPANTS by B.H.OXMAN65

B.Les systemes inacheves The systems still under consideration85

1.THE SETTLEMENT OF DISPUTES UNDER SPACE LAW by I.H.Ph.DIEDERIKS-VERSCHOOR85

Ⅰ.The settlement of disputes under the present-day conventions86

（a） Space Treaty of 196787

（b） The Liability Convention of 197288

（c） The Registration Convention90

（d） The Moon Agreement90

Ⅱ.Are further steps necessary in respect of the settlement of disputes?93

Ⅲ.What are the main potential conflict areas?94

Ⅳ.Which method of settling disputes of space law would be the most effective and would have the best chance of being inter-nationally accepted?97

Ⅴ.Rules and practice in comparable areas of law98

Ⅵ.Would a World International Space Agency benefit the settle-ment of disputes?100

2.UTILIZATION OF THE NATIONAL RESOURCES OF THE SPACE ENVIRONMENT IN THE LIGHT OF THE CONCEPT OF COMMON HERITAGE OF MANKIND by S.GOROVE105

Ⅰ.Natural resources of the moon and other celestial bodies106

Ⅱ.The geostationary orbit resource109

Ⅲ.Conclusion114

3.LE REGLEMENT DES DIFFERENDS DANS LES CONVENTIONS MULTILATERALES RELATIVES A LA PROTECTION DE L’EN-VIRONNEMENT, par A.-Ch.KISS119

Ⅰ.Recours a des organes existants121

Ⅱ.Recours a des organes ou a des procedures ad hoc122

a） Arbitrage122

b） Conciliation124

c） Procedures speciales de reglement125

Ⅲ.Conclusions126

Ⅲ.Resume des debars133

Summing up153

DEUXIEME PARTIE LE REGLEMENT DES DIFFERENDS APPROCHE COMPARATIVE177

SECOND PART THE SETTLEMENT OF DISPUTES:A COMPARATIVE APPROACH177

Ⅰ. Communications177

A.Classification des differends Classification of the disputes177

1.CONFLICTS BETWEEN PRESENT AND FUTURE GENERATIONS OVER NEW NATURAL RESOURCES by E.BROWN WEISS177

Conflicts over depletion of resources179

Conflicts over resource quality181

Resolution of intergenerational conflicts over new natural resources182

Implementation of principles for intergenerational conflicts186

Representation to future generations187

Monitoring system for the management of new natural resources189

Scientific and technological research and development189

Trust funds for future generations190

2.SHARED NATURAL RESOURCES: FUTURE CONFLICTS OR PEACEFUL DEVELOPMENT? by A.K.BISWAS197

Introduction197

Management of shared natural resources: present status198

Management of shared water resources203

Magnitude of shared water resources problem206

Resolution of conflicts on shared water resources209

Concluding remarks213

3.OUTER SPACE AS NATURAL RESOURCE by L.PEREK217

Ⅰ.Introduction217

Ⅱ.The geostationary orbit217

Ⅲ.Outer space as environment221

Ⅳ.Management of space222

B.Classification des modes de reglement Classification of settlement mechanism229

1.CONFLICT RESOLUTION IN OUTER SPACE: NEW APPROA-CHES - OLD TECHNIQUES by N.JASENTULIYANA229

Consultation/Good Offices233

Claims Commission/Conciliation235

Arbitration236

Adjudication239

An appraisal239

2.CONFLICT RESOLUTION IN OUTER SPACE: INTERNATIONAL LAW AND POLICY by D.D.SMITH243

Ⅰ.Outer space resources, resource development and the potential for conflict243

Ⅱ.Conflict resolution for geostationary satellite communications245

A.The resource and resource development245

B.The potential for conflict and conflict resolution246

1.The “international recognition” process247

2.Dissatisfaction with existing conflict resolution procedures248

3.Alternative conflict resolution procedures251

（a） Arbitration251

（b） International technology organizations252

Ⅲ.Outer space conflicts involving space manufacturing and deploy-ment of large space structures253

A.The resource and resource development253

B.The conflicts and conflict resolution254

1.Conflict resolution for space liability255

2.Conflict resolution for exercise of national jurisdiction and control in space258

3.Conflict resolution for private activity in space261

Ⅳ.Prospects for military conflict in space263

A.The resource and resource development263

B.The existing legal regime265

C.Potential conflicts and conflict resolution or avoidance267

1.Attack on military or other government space object267

2.Armed attack on private space object267

3.Violations of established international legal standards268

4.Assertion of sovereignty270

Conclusions271

3.THE RESOLUTION OF DISPUTES IN THE FIELD OF INFOR-MATION by F.KLAVER279

Ⅰ.Introduction279

Ⅱ.Definition of information280

Ⅲ.The information age280

Ⅳ.Disputes281

Political281

Legal284

Technical285

Ⅴ.Settlement mechanisms285

Political285

Legal286

Technical287

Ⅵ.The settlement of disputes: a synthetical approach: identifica-tion of general substantive principles287

4.CONFLICTS ON INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATIONS PROBLEMS by E.W.PLOMAN289

Introduction289

Ⅰ.Type of issues: trends and changes290

Ⅱ.Background : general trends affecting international relations in the field of communications and information293

Ⅲ.Nature of conflicts295

Ⅱ.Resume des debats301

Summing up315

TROISIEME PARTIE LE REGLEMENT DES DIFFERENDS APPROCHE SYNTHETIQUE335

THIRD PART THE SETTLEMENT OF DISPUTES A SYNTHETICAL APPROACH335

Ⅰ. Communications335

A.Criteres de repartition （role joue par I’equite, les principesgeneraux et le droit coutumier）335

Criteria of sharing （role played by equity, general principles and customary law）335

1.RECONCILING VALUES OF DISTRIBUTIVE EQUITY AND MANAGEMENT EFFICIENCY IN THE INTERNATIONAL COM-MONS by L.F.E.GOLDIE335

Ⅰ.Introduction335

Ⅱ.Equity and general principles of law in the international arena337

1.The “general principles of law recognized by civilized nations”338

2.The “general principles of law” and the “ex aequo et bono” clause339

3.The sources of equitable principles applicable to the interna-tional juridical process343

4.The relation of international equity （in the sense of the equi-table rules accepted under Article 38 （1） （c）） to international law345

5.Provisional definition346

Ⅲ.International equities and individual States’ claims to new na-tural resources347

1.Introduction347

2.Abuse of rights （and unjust enrichment arising therefrom）348

3.Reliance and notice as equities350

4.The equities of estoppel and laches351

5.Proportionality as an equity354

Ⅳ.Distributive equities and the world community’s resources357

1.The question of distributive justice357

2.The “common heritage of mankind”359

3.Permanent sovereignty over natural resources361

Ⅴ.Distributive equities and the equities of wealth maximization362

1.Efficiency of the equities of wealth enhancement362

2.Equity and the principle of solidarity363

3.Domestic law analogues364

4.The ordering of equities365

Ⅳ.Conclusion: towards an international enclave of justice?367

2.THE EVOLUTION OF THE LAW OF THE SEA WITH SPECIAL REGARD TO THE POLAR AREAS.A STUDY OF RESOURCES AND STRATEGY by B.JOHNSON THEUTENBERG377

1.The revolution of the law of the sea377

1.1 Introduction and historic perspectives377

1.2 Advanced technology - hunt for resources380

2.The Law of the Sea Convention of 1982387

2.1 General remarks387

2.2 The contents of the Convention on the Law of the Sea390

2.2.1 Rules pertaining to the traditional law of the sea390

2.2.2 Innocent passage in the territorial sea391

2.2.3 Merchant ships and warships - contiguous zone391

2.2.4 International straits392

2.2.5 Transit passage and innocent passage in international straits392

2.2.6 The exclusive economic zone （EEZ）392

2.2.7 The continental shelf393

2.2.8 The high seas394

2.2.9 Conservation and management of the living resources of the high seas394

2.2.10 Regime of islands395

2.2.11 Enclosed or semi-enclosed seas395

2.2.12 Land-locked States395

2.2.13 The “Area” （international seabed area）395

2.2.14 Protection and preservation of the marine environ-ment395

2.2.15 Environment of ice-covered areas397

2.2.16 Marine scientific research398

2.2.17 Development and transfer of marine technology399

2.2.18 Settlement of disputes399

2.2.19 General and final provisions of the Convention399

2.2.20 Annexes to the Convention400

3.Some important points for the development of the law of the sea401

3.1 Territorial sea - innocent passage401

3.2 Transit passage403

3.3 Economic Zones （EEZ）405

3.4 The extension of coastal jurisdiction on the continental shelf409

4.Natural resources in the perspective of conflicts: redistribution of ocean wealth413

4.1 Marine living resources413

4.2 Non-living resources on the seabed416

4.3 The international seabed area - resolution of conflicts in the law of the sea421

B.Reparation （principes et modes de responsabilite, place de I’as-surance）427

Reparation （principles and mechanisms of liability, place of insurance）427

LA REPARATION DES DOMMAGES CAUSES AUX NOUVELLES RESSOURCES NATURELLES, par P.-M.DUPUY427

Ⅰ.Les problemes poses428

A.Problemes lies a la nature des ressources nouvelles429

B.Problemes lies a la nature des dommages431

Ⅱ.Les solutions envisageables pour la reparation433

A.La responsabilite433

B.Le depassement de la responsabilite439

Ⅱ.Resume des debats447

Summing up455

CONCLUSIONS A LA LUMIERE DE LA NOTION D’HUMANITE,par R.-J.DUPUY465

CONCLUSIONS IN THE LIGHT OF THE NOTION OF MANKIND by R.-J.DUPUY477