《SETTLEMENT OF INTERNATIONAL WATER LAW DISPUTES IN INTERNATIONAL DRAINAGE BASINS》

Foreword7

Preface9

Abbreviations25

FIRST PARTConceptual Analysis27

Ⅰ.CHAPTERDimensions of Water Potential,Water Resources Development Movement and the Urgency of having International Water Law Dispute-Settlement-Mechanism27

A.Water and Hydrologic Cycle27

1.Water as an Object of Nature27

2.Certain Facts about Water29

3.Water as a Basis of Life31

4.Physical,Chemical and Biological Characteristics of Water33

a)General Remarks33

b)Physical Properties of Water34

aa)Ice34

bb)Liquid34

cc)Vapour35

dd)Capilarity35

ee)Surface Tension35

c)Chemical Properties of Water35

aa)Structure of Water35

bb)Water as a Solvent37

cc)Bonds Holding the Water Together37

aaa)Chemical Bonds38

bbb)Hydrogen Bonds38

d)Water Bacteriology38

5.The Hydrologic Cycle39

a)The Water Cycle39

b)Concerned Waterways39

aa)International Drainage Basins comprising Rivers40

bb)International Drainage Basins comprising Lakes42

cc)Water-falls42

B.Water Potential in the Service of Humanity44

1.Significance of Water,Judged Historically44

2.Present Utility and Need48

3.Future Needs and Potential49

C.Growing Concern for Water Resources Development and Recent Tendencies50

1.Awakening of Consciousness of States vis-a-vis Water Resources Development50

2.Recent Tendencies51

D.Hydrologic Unity of a Drainage Basin53

1.Hydrologic Unity53

2.Theory of Coherence54

E.Settlement of International Water Law Disputes--a Burning Problem55

Ⅱ.CHAPTERPerusal and Dimensions of the Problem57

Ⅲ.CHAPTERComprehension of Related Concepts74

A.Basin State74

B.Emissions75

C.Immissions75

1.Concept,Purpose and Scope75

a)Concept75

b)Purpose77

c)Scope78

2.Regulation and Protection78

a)General78

b)Works Not Requiring Licence81

c)Measurements81

d)Emissions Declaration81

e)Nature of Works82

f)Quality of Inflammable Material and Fuel,Substances and Products83

g)Quality and Operation of Vehicles83

h)Exchange poor weather conditions and Smog84

i)Plan of Keeping the Air Pure85

j)Protection of Special Areas85

k)Supervision86

l)Exceptions and Repeals87

3.Transnational Measures87

D.International Dispute88

E.International Drainage Basin89

F.International Rivers91

1.Concept91

2.Inernational Character94

3.Juridical Analysis95

G.International Water Law Dispute96

H.International Water Resources System97

1.Concept of Water Resources97

2.Water Resources System97

3.Atmospheric Water98

4.Ground Water99

5.Surface Water103

6.International Frozen Water Resources104

I.Peaceful Change104

J.Uses of Water105

1.Modern Uses105

2.Consumptive Use106

3.Non-consumptive Use106

K.Water Pollution107

1.Concept107

2.Pollution Cycle108

3.Effects of Pollution110

4.Pollutants111

a)Municipal Wastes111

b)Industrial Wastes112

c)Agricultural Wastes113

d)Thermal Pollution113

e)Cold Water114

f)Radio-active Pollution114

g)Transport Vehicles114

h)Oil114

i)Mercury and Lead116

j)Other Miscellaneous Elements116

5.Pollution Control116

6.Governmental Measures117

L.Water Quality118

1.Concept118

2.Quality Affecting Phenomena120

3.Water Quality Standards122

4.Regulation and Protection through Legal Measures124

Ⅳ.CHAPTERNature of International Water Law Disputes127

A.Differentiation Between "Legal" and "Political" Disputes127

1.Juridical Content of the Concept "Legal Dispute"127

2."Political Disputes" as distinguished from "Legal Disputes"128

B.Politico-legal Nature of International Water Law Disputes130

C.Economic Implications of International Water Law Disputes131

D.Basic Obstacles in the Way of Settlement of International Water Law Disputes133

1.Clash of Territorial Jurisdiction of Several States133

2.Conflicting Doctrines and Theories Confronted by International Water Law Disputes136

3.Variations of Conditions and Circumstances in Various International Drainage Basins139

4.Circumstantial Obstacles142

SECOND PARTBasic Issues143

Ⅴ.CHAPTERBasic Substantive Problems involved in International Water Law Disputes143

A.The Problem of Laying down the Order of Priority for Different Uses of Water in an International Drainage Basin143

1.Existing Juridical Norms,if any,vis-a-vis Order of Priority for Different Uses of Water143

a)General Observations143

b)Order of Priority--a necessary Sub-problem143

c)Customary International Law Norms,if any144

aa)Opinions of Jurists144

bb)Helsinki Rules and Order of Priority154

aaa)General Provisions155

bbb)Specific Provisions156

ccc)Evaluation156

cc)Concluding Observations159

d)Norms under Treaties159

aa)Treaties Prescribing an Order of Priority for a Concrete Dispute160

bb)Treaties Indirectly Mentioning Certain Uses161

cc)Treaties silent over the Problem of Order of Priority164

dd)Treaties Prohibiting Deduction of Legal Norms165

ee)Specific Treaties166

aaa)Navigation Treaties166

bbb)Fishery Treaties168

ccc)Treaties dealing with Floating of Timber169

ddd)Irrigation Treaties169

eee)Power Production Treaties170

fff)Treaties Touching Boundary Problems170

ggg)Treaties Tackling Water Pollution171

ff)Concluding Remarks171

e)Order of Priority according to Judicial Decisions172

f)Order of Priority and General Principles of Law Recognised by Civilised Nations178

g)Concluding Remarks205

2.Feasibility and Desirability of Laying Down Universal Rules for Future,vis-a-vis Ordering of Priorities207

B.The Problem of Determination of Quantum of Exact Share of Water of Each Contending Drainage Basin State Concerning the Water in Dispute in a Particular International Drainage Basin208

1.General Remarks208

2.Existing Rights209

a)Water Rights Resulting from State-succession209

b)Water Rights based on Servitudes211

c)Water Rights Recognised as Historical Uses212

d)Water Rights prevailing as "Acquired Rights"214

C.The Problem of Identification of Factors for Determination of Respective Share of the Concerned Basin States in the Drainage Basin under Consideration217

1.Certain Basic Considerations217

2.Factors for Distribution of Water221

a)Factors Creating Legal Rights221

aa)Respective Catchment Area222

bb)The Population of the Concerned Catchment-Area223

cc)The Length of the River-bed or Water-surface-area of the Lake224

dd)Respective Contribution of Waterquantum into the Flow of the Concerned River or Drainage Basin225

ee)Existing Rights225

b)Equitable Factors226

3.Concluding Remarks231

4.Sharing of Water of Boundary Rivers231

a)Various Categories of Boundary Rivers232

b)Principles of "Equal-sharing" and "Equitable-sharing"233