《INTERFACING BETWEEN LAWYERS AND COMPUTERS AN ARCHITECTURE FOR KNOWLEDGE-BASED INTERFACES TO LEGAL D》求取 ⇩

Chapter 1 Introduction1

1.1 An example information retrieval session1

1.1.1 Information retrieval and the cost of housing1

1.1.2 Summary of the problems encountered1

1.1.3 The subject of this book2

1.2 Legal databases3

1.2.1 Legal information and legal communication3

1.2.2 Information technology and law6

1.2.3 Brief history of legal databases11

1.2.4 Current issues in legal databases14

1.3 Research goals17

1.3.1 Research motivation17

1.3.2 Research questions18

1.3.3 Research method18

1.4 Contribution of this book19

1.4.1 Legal informatics19

1.4.2 Information retrieval19

1.4.3 Knowledge-based systems19

1.4.4 Legal theory19

1.5 Outline of this book20

Chapter 2 Legal Information Retrieval21

2.1 Information retrieval21

2.1.1 Data and Information21

2.1.2 The IR principle25

2.1.3 Indexing26

2.1.4 Query formulation27

2.1.5 Matching28

2.2 IR problems29

2.2.1 Theoretical limitations29

2.2.2 Indexing30

2.2.3 Query formulation31

2.2.4 Matching31

2.2.5 Conceptual gap33

2.2.6 IR performance studies33

2.3 Advanced IR systems35

2.3.1 Advanced indexing35

2.3.2 Advanced query formulation38

2.3.3 Advanced matching39

2.3.4 Conceptual gap40

2.4 Knowledge-based index organisation41

2.4.1 Knowledge representation in IR41

2.4.2 Legal knowledge representations in IR systems42

2.4.3 Knowledge-based hyperindex44

2.5 Summary and conclusions45

Chapter 3 A Task-based Hyperindex47

3.1 Intelligent interfaces47

3.1.1 The concept of intelligent interfaces47

3.1.2 Knowledge models52

3.1.3 Task-based IR56

3.2 Legal knowledge models56

3.2.1 Analysis of legal tasks56

3.2.2 Task modelling60

3.2.3 Argumentation modelling62

3.2.4 The index function65

3.3 A task-based hyperindex66

3.3.1 Hyperindex representation66

3.3.2 Domain model67

3.3.3 Case model68

3.3.4 Node characterisations69

3.3.5 Retrieval strategies70

3.4 Systems architecture74

3.4.1 Support philosophy74

3.4.2 System modules74

3.4.3 System development methodology75

3.5 Summary and conclusions76

Chapter 4 An Argumentation Model for Legal Tasks77

4.1 Objection procedures in administrative law77

4.1.1 Administrative law77

4.1.2 Sources of administrative law78

4.1.3 Administrative acts80

4.1.4 Objection procedures81

4.2 The task model83

4.2.1 Analysis method83

4.2.2 Domain analysis87

4.2.3 System definition89

4.2.4 System analysis93

4.2.5 Task modelling101

4.3 The argumentation model103

4.3.1 The argumentative discourse103

4.3.2 Argument structures104

4.3.3 Argument information106

4.3.4 Argument modelling107

4.4 Subsystem 1:Analysing administrative orders107

4.4.1 Task analysis and design108

4.4.2 Task model108

4.4.3 Argumentation model113

4.4.4 Identify information need114

4.5 Subsystem 2:Drafting a notice of objection116

4.5.1 Task analysis and design116

4.5.2 Task model118

4.5.3 Argumentation model119

4.5.4 Identify information need122

4.6 Information retrieval for objection procedures124

4.6.1 Task handles for the information need124

4.6.2 Concept characterisation126

4.6.3 Query generation128

4.6.4 IR strategies133

4.6.5 Tuning the retrieval mechanism135

4.7 Summary and conclusions138

Chapter 5 A Task-based IR System:ARMORed Information Retrieval139

5.1 The purpose of the ARMOR system139

5.1.1 Designing as a research method139

5.1.2 Automated information support in objection procedures141

5.1.3 Mapping of task characteristics to task support functions143

5.1.4 The ARMOR system as a research prototype146

5.2 ARMOR implementation aspects148

5.2.1 Implemented knowledge representation148

5.2.2 Interface modalities151

5.2.3 System development software153

5.2.4 The legal databases used156

5.3 Task-based information support functions160

5.3.1 Interface organisation160

5.3.2 Analysis support functions162

5.3.3 Authoring support functions167

5.3.4 Transport and formatting support functions171

5.4 Task-based information retrieval operation171

5.4.1 Operating the system171

5.4.2 Handling a case172

5.4.3 Task support173

5.4.4 Information support173

5.5 Summary and conclusions175

Chapter 6 Task-based Information Retrieval Applications177

6.1 Evaluation and testing of the ARMOR system177

6.1.1 Evaluation standards177

6.1.2 Experimental design179

6.1.3 Task performance results182

6.1.4 Information retrieval results186

6.1.5 Evaluation of the test results188

6.2 ARMOR applications190

6.2.1 Task support in administrative law190

6.2.2 Intended users192

6.2.3 Publication of government information193

6.2.4 Government information on the Internet194

6.3 Task-based information retrieval applications in other domains196

6.3.1 Legal information retrieval197

6.3.2 Task-based information retrieval in non-legal domains199

6.3.3 Internet applications200

6.3.4 Task-based information systems203

6.4 Towards a system development methodology204

6.4.1 System development methodologies205

6.4.2 Domain analysis206

6.4.3 Knowledge acquisition208

6.4.4 System design209

6.4.5 Implementation210

6.4.6 Operation and maintenance212

6.5 Summary and conclusions212

Chapter 7 Results and Conclusions215

7.1 Answers to the research questions215

7.1.1 Legal IR problems215

7.1.2 Knowledge-based techniques in IR216

7.1.3 Intelligent interfaces for legal databases217

7.1.4 Knowledge representation218

7.1.5 Task-based information retrieval219

7.1.6 A practical intelligent interface system220

7.2 Summary of the results220

7.2.1 Analysis of legal information retrieval220

7.2.2 A definition of intelligent interfaces221

7.2.3 The task-based IR architecture221

7.2.4 Model of the objection procedure in Dutch administrative law222

7.2.5 The ARMOR system223

7.3 Contributions to different fields of study224

7.3.1 Law224

7.3.2 Information retrieval225

7.3.3 Knowledge-based systems226

7.3.4 Legal information technology228

7.4 Practical recommendations229

7.4.1 Legal databases229

7.4.2 Legal knowledge-based systems230

7.4.3 Applications of IT in law231

7.4.4 System development232

7.4.5 Internet applications233

7.5 Summary of the conclusions234

References237

Abbreviations243

Appendix A Hyperindex representation language245

Appendix B Specification of a domain model and a case model in the hyperindex representation language247

Appendix C Hyperindex representation of the object system ‘Objecting to an administrative order’249

Appendix D Hyperindex representation of the example case ‘Building permit’253

Name index257

Subject index259

Summary263

About the Author269