《AN INVITATION TO YHE LAW》

1A CONSPECTUS OF LEGAL SYSTEMS1

PREHISTORY2

Instinct， habit and conscious behaviour2

The individual and the group4

Magic and religion5

The emergence of the city6

THE ANCIENT WORLD7

Sumeria8

Egypt9

India12

China14

Greece17

Rome19

RELIGION-BASED SYSTEMS21

Hindu law21

Buddhism and law22

Jewish law24

Canon law27

Islamic law30

CUSTOMARY SYSTEMS OF LAW32

Aboriginal law32

African law35

The law of the Pacific37

MEDIAEVAL EUROPE39

The barbarian codes39

The feudal system40

The unity of mediaeval Christendom — the Respublica Christiana41

The emergence of national legal systems42

MAJOR MODERN SYSTEMS43

The common law43

The civil law45

Marxian socialist law46

European Community law48

COMMON LAW AND CIVIL LAW SYSTEMS COMPARED50

THE USES OF COMPARATIVE LAW52

2INTERRELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN LAW AND OTHER FIELDS OF HUMAN KNOWLEDGE55

Introductory55

Law and archaeology55

Law and anthropology56

Law and philosophy59

Law and logic61

Law and linguistics63

Law and literature64

Law and theology66

Law and history68

Law and economics69

Law and sociology71

Law and political science73

Law and psychology74

Law and scientific methodology76

Law and the technological revolution77

3THE SOURCES OF LAW81

Religion81

Custom82

Equity84

Judicial decision86

Juristic writing89

Legislation91

4THE NATURE AND ENDS OF LAW96

VIEWS CONCERNING THE NATURE OF LAW96

Rules divinely ordained or framed within the divine dispensation96

A reflection of divine reason98

The embodiment of ancient tradition98

A crystallisation of reason and commonsense99

A body of agreements among the members of a society100

A reflection of the general will101

The command of the sovereign101

A reflection of the histoty， culture and needs of a given society103

A reconciliation of freewill and general freedom104

The product of evolutionary forces105

A hierarchy of normative relations105

The decisions of the courts106

The application of freely found principles of justice and equity107

The rules consolidating the economic interests of the dominant class107

The enterprise of subjecting human conduct to the governance of rules108

The conditions making social existence possible in organised groups108

VIEWS CONCERNING THE ENDS OF LAW109

To give effect to the divine will109

To enable the fullest development of the human personality109

To give everyone his due110

To keep the peace110

To enable the free movement of individuals in society111

To make possible the greatest happiness of the greatest number112

To enable the citizen to do his duty113

To maintain the security of social institutions114

To achieve equality115

To achieve the maximum satisfaction of human wants116

5LAW IN ITS SOCIAL CONTEXT118

Is law necessary？118

Justice120

Equality124

The relationship between equality and liberty126

Law and morality128

Causes of dissatisfaction with the law132

Current erosions of legal authority133

The law in the field and the law in the books136

The individual and the group137

Adaptability to change139

The doctrine of abuse of rights140

The good samaritan situation140

The status-contract-status movement141

6SOME LEGAL ASPECTS OF THE DEMOCRATIC IDEAL144

The separation of powers144

The rule of law146

Religious freedom148

Freedom of expression150

Racial discrimination153

Privacy155

7SOME BASIC LEGAL CONCEPTS159

Persons159

Property160

Ownership163

Possession164

Rights and duties165

Contract167

Tort169

Criminal law171

Liability173

Procedural and substantive law174

The concept of sovereignty175

International law178

8THE MACHINERY OF JUSTICE182

The trial process182

Early trial procedures183

The jury system — the origins184

The jury system — the merits184

Adversarial and inquisitorial procedure186

The role of the bench187

The role of the bar190

9HUMAN RIGHTS194

Introductory194

The genesis of the concept194

The story of natural law196

The English struggle for individual freedom198

The eighteenth century philosophers201

The American revolution202

The French revolution203

The American constitution204

The Charter of the United Nations206

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights207

UN human rights activity subsequent to the Declaration208

Contemporary criticisms of the Universal Declaration210

New frontiers of human rights211

10NEW DIRECTIONS OF THE LAW214

Introductory214

Towards interdisciplinary understanding214

Towards academic participation215

Towards deformalisation of justice216

Towards increased judicial creativity218

Towards a more realistic legal profession219

Towards less discrimination221

Towards tolerance of sub-cultures221

Towards social rights222

Towards corporate responsibility223

Towards fostering industrial harmony224

Towards new concepts of property225

Towards new concepts of compensation226

Towards a more.understanding family law228

Towards sexual equality229

Towards protection of children230

Towards elimination of poverty231

Towards open government232

Towards bills of rights233

Towards internationalism234

APPENDIX238

A—THE ANCIENT MIDDLE EAST238

B— HINDU LAW241

C— BUDDHISM247

D—CHINESE LAW251

E— JEWISH LAW255

F—GREEK LAW AND PHILOSOPHY260

G—THE CIVIL LAW265

H—MUSLIM LAW272

I— ENGLISH CONSTITUTIONAL AND LEGAL DOCUMENTS276

J— WESTERN LEGAL PHILOSOPHY285

K—AMERICAN DOCUMENTS296

L—INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS317

BIBLIOGRAPHY317

INDEX359