《PRINIPLES FOR A FREE SOCIETY》

INTRODUCTION Reinvigorating Laissez-Faire1

1. Natural Law:The Utilitarian Connection9

Permanence and Change15

Benevolence toward Strangers19

Sharing within the Family19

Individual Autonomy23

First Possession25

Custom as a Source of Law31

2. Social Norms versus Legal Commands41

The Prisoner's Dilemma Game44

Hart's Failed Distinction between Legal and Social Norms50

Importance51

Immunity to Legal Change53

Capacity of Avoidance53

Appeals to Conscience54

Sorting Sanctions54

Aggression and Theft55

Defamation56

Promises57

Two-Tier Sanctions58

Employment58

Product Warranty63

Takings63

Rental Housing64

Cattle Trespass66

The Dependence of Social Norms on Law66

Coercive Social Norms68

3. Harm:The Gateway to Liability71

Harm to Self72

Harm to Others75

Mill's Formulation76

A Utilitarian Approach82

A Shield of Liberty in the Late Nineteenth Century85

A Sword against Liberty in the Twentieth Century90

Competitive Harms91

Discrimination93

The Failure to Subsidize96

Environmental Harms98

Looking to the Future102

4. The Benefit Principle105

Baseline Users106

Positive and Negative Externalities113

The Categories of Restitution116

Necessity116

Mistake120

The Public Face of the Benefit Principle122

5 Altruism: Its Uses and Limits133

Altruism and Self-Interest135

The Modest Uses of Selective Altruism138

Within the Family138

Informal Exchanges139

Altruism and Communitarianism145

Universal Altruism146

Selective Altruism147

The Pretense of Altruism149

Social Security151

Organ Transplants153

Zoning154

Rent Control155

6. Forfeiture:The Flip Side of Rights159

The Common Law of Forfeiture in the Nineteenth Century161

Contract161

Tort166

Charitable Obligations169

The Twentieth-Century Welfare State174

Contract174

Tort177

Charitable Organizations178

Welfare Rights181

7. Boundaries: Firm and Fuzzy187

Boundaries of Self188

Boundaries of Land188

Agricultural Boundaries190

Nuisance Cases191

Lateral Support196

Spite Fences197

Easements for Light and Air199

Coming to the Nuisance202

Successive Holders of the Same Property206

Invasions of Privacy209

Boundaries in the Air Waves211

8. From Rights to Remedies215

The Sanctity of Contract220

Property and Necessity222

Encroachment224

Caves228

Damages, Injunctions, and Permits232

The Constitutional Dimensions of Entitlements239

Private Holdouts239

State Holdouts and Unconstitutional Conditions242

From Remedies Back to Rights246

9. Common Property251

A Peaceful Coexistence of Private and Common Property253

Common Property261

Publicly Owned Property265

Private Property266

The Constitutional Complications269

Privileges and Immunities270

The Dormant Commerce Clause271

Oil and Gas272

The Navigation Servitude275

10. Common Carriers279

The English Background282

Late Nineteenth-Century American Developments286

Liability288

Employees289

Customers291

Service Obligations292

Interconnections295

Rate Regulation298

The Interstate Commerce Act298

Antitrust Laws300

Contemporary Constitutional Issues307

EPILOGUE A Return to Fundamentals319

ENDNOTES325

TABLE OF CASES349

INDEX355