《HUMANITY IN WARFARE》

Introduction Definitions and Connexions1

1 The idea of the book1

2 Why it is not about ‘just war’3

3 fus ad bellum and jus in bello8

4 The jus in bello vindicated 1o16

5 A word to the international lawyers16

6 A word to the military22

7 A word to my fellow-historians27

Chapter ⅠThe Later Enlightenment Consensus31

1 The publicists32

2 Variety within their consensus38

3 Fundamentals concerning war and peace41

4 Definitions of ‘enemy’53

5 The laws and customs of the professionals59

6 The sparing of civilians63

7 Sea war and the neutral67

Chapter Ⅱ First Steps in Modern War： Revolutionary，National and Popular75

1 The Revolution’s early preoccupation with legality and humanity77

2 Nations in arms， first mode： France in and after 179384

3 Civilians in the way of war89

4 Civilians as enemies96

5 Neutrals in the way of war100

6 Bombardment and destruction108

7 Nations in arms， second mode： partisans and national resistance112

8 Conventional armed forces in conventional operations121

Chapter ⅢThe Legislative Foundations， 1815-914：Conscience， Codes and Compromise128

1 The cultural context128

2 The protection of combatants147

3 The principle of limitation and restraint157

4 Reprisals and military necessity166

5 Invasion， occupation and ‘the peaceful population’179

6 Resistance： the limits of lawfulness190

7 The civilian as enemy： bombardment and destruction200

Chapter Ⅳ The Trials of Total War216

1 Soldiers and civilians217

2 The civilian and land war： occupation and resistance224

3 Sea war and the civilian244

4 Aerial bombardment262

Chapter ⅤThe Law of War in a World of Co-existences286

1 The post-war reconstruction， 1945-9289

2 The world turned upside down301

3 The Additional Protocols of 1977315

Chronological Guide331

Notes333

Bibliography376

Postscript to the Paperback Edition389

Index397