《SURFACE TENSION AND THE SPREADING OF LIQUIDS SECOND EDITION》求取 ⇩

Chapter Ⅰ．THE NATURE OF SURFACE FORCES1

1．Surface Tension and Surface Energy1

2．Origin of Surface Energy2

3．The Free Energy Relation3

4．Adsorption at Boundaries:Impurities3

(1)Composition of surface layer3

(2)Time-lag in reaching equilibrium in boundary layers4

(3)Attempts to prove surface adsorption in pure liquids5

(4)Measurement of adsorption at surfaces6

5．Recent Work:Maxima and Minima in γ-c Curves for Dilute Solutions7

(1)Inorganic salts7

(2)Capillary-active solutes7

Chapter Ⅱ．MEASUREMENT OF SURFACE TENSION10

1．General Remarks10

(1)Accuracy of measurement10

(2)Surface tension,curvature and pressure10

2．Methods of measuring Surface Tension11

(1)Capillary rise12

(2)Drop-weight or drop-number13

(3)Maximum bubble pressure14

(4)Measurement of large sessile drop14

(a)Infinitely large drop15

(b)Effect of curvature at summit16

(c)Finite diameter of drop16

(5)Oscillation of jets and drops18

(6)Capillary ripples19

(7)Bond＇s flowing sheet method20

(8)Adhesion of rings and plates20

(9)Shape of pendent drop20

3．Measurement of Small Differences in Surface Tension22

(1)Differential capillarimeter22

(2)Twin ring surface tensiometer22

4．Interracial Tension22

Chapter Ⅲ．THE SURFACE OF LIQUID METALS:MERCURY24

1．Metals in General24

2．Mercury25

(1)The remarkable discordance in observations25

(2)Surface tension in vacuum and in gases26

(3)Capillary depression and meniscus volume27

(4)Temperature coefficient of γ28

(5)Gases and vapours on the surface of mercury29

(a)Effects on surface tension29

(b)Degree of persistence of adsorbed gases30

(c)Conclusions31

3．Other Liquid Metals:Gallium32

Chapter Ⅳ．SPREADING:GENERAL CONDITIONS33

1．No Simple and Complete Theory of Spreading33

2．Energy Conditions34

3．Mechanism of Spreading on Liquids36

4．Spreading on Solids38

(1)Energy condition:angle of contact38

(2)Mechanical conditions for spreading on solids39

(a)Effect of immobility of surface of a solid39

(b)The ＇vapour-pressure＇ theory of spreading40

(3)Other factors in spreading on solids41

(a)Surface migration41

(b)Gravitational forces41

(c)Long-range molecular forces41

Chapter Ⅴ．SPREADING ON THE SURFACE OF MERCURY42

1．Phenomena of Spreading42

2．Spreading of Water and Aqueous Solutions43

(1)Spreading to a limited area43

(2)The speed and mechanism of spreading45

3．Spreading controlled by Electric Current across the Interface48

(1)Distilled water48

(2)Very dilute solutions of acids48

(3)Alkaline solutions49

(4)Comparison with capillary-electric phenomena49

4．The Interfacial Tension of Mercury and Pure Water50

(1)Antonow＇s rule50

(2)Pure water as a solution of ions51

Chapter Ⅵ．SPREADING ON WATER52

1．Introduction52

2．Non-spreading Liquids52

3．Fatty Acids53

(1)Behaviour on the surface of water53

(2)Molecular areas from spreading54

4．Measurements on Monomolecular Films on Water55

(1)The Langmuir-Adam balance55

(2)Types of film57

(a)Gaseous films57

(b)Close-packed or condensed films58

(c)Expanded films58

5．Test of Homogeneity of Films60

(1)Optical methods60

(2)Method of surface-potential measurement61

6．Solutions of Active Substances in Non-spreading Paraffins61

7．Nature of Interfacial Films and Monolayers64

(1)Effect of metallic ions64

(2)Complexes in monolayers64

8．Multilayer Films on Solids65

9．Paraffin caused to Spread by Irradiation66

10．Spreading on a partially Contaminated Surface68

(1)Visible limit of a monolayer68

(2)Benzene on water68

(3)Behaviour of aniline on water68

11．Action of Oil on Surface Waves on Water69

12．Influence of Surface Layers on Evaporation70

Chapter Ⅶ．LIQUIDS ON THE SURFACE OF SOLIDS72

1．General Remarks72

2．Lubrication73

(1)Complete lubrication:static friction absent73

(2)Boundary lubrication:static friction present74

(3)Recent work76

3．Angle of Contact76

(1)Its reality and importance76

(2)Hysteresis of the contact angle77

(3)Measurement of contact angles78

(a)Plate method78

(b)Contact angles of fibres79

(c)Contact of bubbles79

(d)Contact angle in powders:wetting pressure80

(4)Surface structure and contact angle81

(5)Contact angle in liquids:Antonow＇s rule81

4．Flotation of Minerals82

(1)Introduction82

(2)Principles of flotation83

(3)Flotation reagents84

(a)Frothers85

(b)Collectors85

(c)Activators85

(d)Depressants86

5．Detergent Action86

6．Other Technical Applications:Wetting Agents88

(1)Wetting of metals by liquid metals88

(2)Wetting agents88

Index90