《INTERNATIONAL ADJUDICATIONS VOLUME V》

VOLUME Ⅴ3

Ⅰ.SPANISH SPOLIATIONS， 17953

PREFACE3

CASES REPORTED9

PART Ⅰ.HISTORY AND JURISPRUDENCE13

Ⅰ.PROVISION FOR ARBITRATION13

Ⅱ.ANTECEDENTS OF THE ARBITRAL PROVISION15

Belligerent spoliations15

Thomas Pinckney’s mission to Spain16

Position of Spain17

Particular complaints18

Ultimate disposition of complaints20

Proposal of arbitration20

Discussion of stipulations21

Conclusion of a treaty21

Ⅲ.PROCEEDINGS OF THE MIXED COMMISSION22

Appointment of the commission22

Results of the commission27

Ⅳ.TYPICAL CLAIMS28

Cases of the Rooksby and Greenway28

The Nymph35

The Russell37

The Eliza41

The Dolphin44

The Aurora， Sage， master44

The Juno46

The Betsey， Cozzens， master47

The Jacob49

The Dove51

The Aurora， Chapman， master52

Ⅴ.JURISPRUDENCE OF THE COMMISSION53

General summary of allowances53

Interest53

Probable profits， and other items55

Mercantile profit56

Fraudulent concealment of ownership56

Majority award57

Ⅵ.PAYMENT OF THE AWARDS57

Ⅶ.PAYMENT OF MAJORITY AWARD65

Ⅷ.DELAYS IN PAYMENT73

Ⅸ.EFFECT OF DELAYS ON RUNNING OF INTEREST74

Ⅹ.PAYMENT IN SPECIE76

ⅩⅠ.PAYMENTS AT HAVANA77

Acceptance of bills in payment of customs duties79

Table of payments made at Havana80

PART Ⅱ.AWARDS91

TEXT OF THE AWARDS91

Ⅱ.FRENCH INDEMNITY，1803149

PREFACE149

Ⅰ.CONVENTION OF APRIL 30， 1803157

Ⅱ.ANTECEDENT TREATY STIPULATIONS170

Treaties of 1778170

Treatment of prizes170

Foreign privateers170

Free ships， free goods171

The alliance171

Consular convention of 1788171

Powers of consuls171

Ⅲ.COMMERCIAL AND POLITICAL DISCORDS172

Commercial discontents172

Gouverneur Morris173

Proffer of commercial negotiation174

Revolution of August 1792175

War between France and Great Britain175

Appointment of Genet176

Genet’s departure for the United States176

Question as to Genet’s reception177

Proclamation of neutrality178

Course of Genet on his arrival179

France’s position as to treaties of 1778179

The territorial guaranty180

Genet’s official reception182

Controversy with Genet182

Genet’s recall183

Genet’s defense183

Continued violations of sovereignty184

Ⅳ.DEPREDATIONS ON COMMERCE185

Decree of May 9， 1793185

Decree of July 27， 1793186

Morris’s recall187

Appointment of Monroe187

Skipwith’s report188

Decree of January 3， 1795188

France’s complaints188

Decree of July 2， 1796194

Decrees of special agents194

Refusal to receive Pinckney195

Decree of March 2， 1797196

Mission of Pinckney， Marshall， and Gerry197

The X， Y， Z episode198

Decree of January 18， 1798200

Ⅴ.STATE OF LIMITED WAR201

Diplomatic rupture201

Measures of hostility202

Ⅵ.RENEWAL OF NEGOTIATIONS203

Talleyrand’s overtures203

Mission of Ellsworth， Davie， and Murray203

Instructions203

Bonaparte as first consul205

Negotiations206

Difference as to the treaties of 1778206

French propositions207

Ⅶ.CONVENTION OF 1800207

Treaties and indemnities postponed208

Convention of September 30， 1800； Article Ⅱ208

Debts and captured property208

Other stipulations208

Expunction of Article Ⅱ209

Execution of the convention209

Nonexecution by France210

Ⅷ.LOUISIANA CESSION， 1803； ADJUSTMENT OF CLAIMS210

Retrocession of Louisiana to France210

Claims and New Orleans211

Louisiana cession211

Claims commission212

Ⅸ.THE AMERICAN COMMISSION AND ITS PROCEEDINGS214

Appointment of commissioners and agent214

Diffiiculties of commissioners217

The “conjectural note”218

Examination of documents218

Classification of claims218

Rules of procedure219

Erroneous classifications220

Difficulties in examining claims221

Reports of the commissioners222

Commissioners’ controversy with Livingston231

Defectiveness of the convention232

Omitted claims233

Rules of decision234

Ⅹ.CASES ON THE CONJECTURAL NOTE235

Forms of certificates235

ⅩⅠ.CASES NOT ON THE CONJECTURAL NOTE239

Forms of certificates240

Case of the ship New Jersey244

ⅩⅡ.THE FRENCH COUNCIL OF LIQUIDATION251

Commission de Comptabilite Intermediaire251

Council of Liquidation252

Right of final decision253

Reports by the American commissioners253

ⅩⅢ.ADJOURNMENT OF AMERICAN COMMISSION267

Results of convention270

ⅩⅣ.SKIPWITH-ARMSTRONG CONTROVERSY271

Armstrong’s predicament271

Bills of exchange271

Rules concerted by Armstrong with the French government272

Letters from Skipwith， and Armstrong’s answers273

Skipwith’s first letter273

Skipwith’s second letter276

Exhibits279

Skipwith’s claim282

ⅩⅤ.FINAL DISPOSITION OF CLAIMS286

Ⅲ.FRENCH INDEMNITY，1831309

PREFACE309

CASES CITED314

Ⅰ.TREATY STIPULATIONS315

Ⅱ.ORIGIN OF THE CLAIMS319

Renewal of belligerent depredations319

Rule of the war of 1756320

Doctrine of “continuous voyages”320

Case of the Essex321

French-Prussian edicts321

British blockades321

The Berlin decree322

Application of the decree323

The Antwerp cases324

Orders in Council325

Milan decree325

Answer to American remonstrance326

Embargo of 1807326

The Bayonne decree326

Nonintercourse Act of March 1， 1809327

Reprisals on American property327

Rambouillet decree328

Repeal of Nonintercourse Act329

Cadore’s letter of August 5， 1810329

Fancied revocation of French decrees329

Nonintercourse with Great Britain329

An erroneous assumption330

Ⅲ.GALLATIN’S NEGOTIATIONS， 1816-1817331

French counter-claims333

Article Ⅶ of the Louisiana treaty333

Claim of Beaumarchais334

Ⅳ.RIVES-SEBASTIANI CONVENTION， 1831334

Instructions of Mr.Rives334

Mr.Rives’s negotiations335

Conclusion of a convention336

Ⅴ.PROVISION FOR DOMESTIC COMMISSION： ACT OF CONGRESS， 1832337

Ⅵ.PROCEEDINGS OF THE COMMISSION338

Appointment of commissioners338

Meeting of the commission339

Rules of procedure339

Papers relating to Spanish claims340

Work of the commission341

Ⅶ.CONTROVERSY OVER DELAYS IN PAYMENT OF INDEMNITY343

Jackson’s recommendation of reprisals345

Action of the Senate345

Action of the House346

Action in France347

Message of December 7， 1835348

Diplomatic rupture348

British mediation348

Payment of indemnity349

Ⅷ.SUMMARY OF THE COMMISSION’S RULINGS349

Analysis of awards349

Commissioners’ report351

Mr.Kane’s notes354

National character of claim354

Meaning of term “property”355

Agency of France355

Case of Holland356

Case of Denmark358

Municipal regulations360

The St.Domingo cases360

Questions of international law362

Berlin decree365

Milan decree and recaptures365

Character of injuries indemnified366

Claims renounced366

Proofs of ownership367

Case of insurers367

Measure of damages368

APPENDIXMR.KANE’S EXPOSITION OF THE COMMISSION’S JURISPRUDENCE379

Mr.Kane’s prefatory note379

Synopsis of contents by Mr.Kane380

Convention； Act of Congress385

Commission’s powers and duties385

Weight of governmental utterances386

Questions to be decided386

Requisites of claim387

American character387

Citizenship387

Effect of foreign residence387

Property of foreign trading house390

Renunciation of national protection390

Limitations on right to share in fund391

Continuous American ownership of claim391

What constituted American “property”392

Rights of insurers393

Character of act complained of395

Direct agency of France396

Governmental decrees396

Judicial acts396

Seizures for public use396

Acts of superior officers397

Acts of privateers397

Question of authorization398

Adoption of act by refusing means of redress398

Implications of authorization399

Indirect agency of France399

Case of Holland400

Case of Denmark401

Evidence： general requirements403

Unlawfulness of act complained of405

Defenses to charge of unlawfulness405

Hispaniola cases405

Berlin decree： Articles Ⅶ and Ⅷ406

Trianon decree： Hamburg cases406

Contraband cases406

Siege of Cadiz407

Enemy service408

Enemy property at sea408

Proofs of neutral character409

Berlin decree： retaliatory clauses invalid410

Milan decree： its invalidity410

Question of recaptures411

Injuries susceptible of pecuniary redress412

Consequential injuries413

Allowances for salvage413

Allowances for ransom414

Remote losses disallowed415

Substantial injury essential415

Mere procedural defects not enough416

Pursuit of unlawful object a bar416

Trade with black ports in Hispaniola418

Loss of claim’s original validity419

By act of government420

Convention of 1800： Article Ⅱ420

Convention of 1800： Article Ⅳ421

By act of claimant432

Measure of damages433

Limitations resulting from limited fund434

Actual loss allowed， without interest435

Elements and proofs of loss435

Property seized on shore435

Sales under French authority435

Property seized at sea436

Valuation of vessels436

Valuation of cargoes437

Brokerage， expenses， insurance， freight437

Question of completion of voyage438

Valuation of fisheries fares439

Special cases439

LIST OF AUTHORITIES443

INDEX447