《ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN BURMA 1951-1960》

PART Ⅰ BACKGROUND3

Chapter1 Geography and Basic Resources3

2 A Glimpse of the Pre-British Society and Economy10

3 British Rule17

4 Profile of the Economy Before World War Ⅱ31

5 Independence and Economic Aspirations, Plans and Policies56

PART Ⅱ THE EIGHT-YEAR DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM80

Introduction to Part Ⅱ80

Chapter 6 The American Consultants and Their Preliminary Report83

7 The Pyidawtha Conference96

8 The K.T.A. Comprehensive Report: Economics, Policy and Administration110

9 The K.T.A. Comprehensive Report: The Sector Programs134

PART Ⅲ IMPLEMENTING THE PROGRAM IN A CHANGING ECONOMIC SETTING—AN OVERVIEW153

Chapter 10 The Fight for a Feasible Rate of Program Implementa-tion —1953-54153

11 The Fight for Economic Stability: The Foreign Exchange Side—1954-55163

12 The Fight for Economic Stability: The Domestic Inflation Side — 1955-56185

13 The Fight for Central Responsibility, Program Priorities and Better Performance —1956-57217

14 Political Split, Crisis and Change—1957-58237

15 Cleanup and Consolidation: The Military Regime—September 1958-March 1960252

PART Ⅳ IMPLEMENTATION BY MAJOR SECTORS AND PROJECTS269

Chapter 16 Implementation of the Agriculture and Irrigation Program269

17 Implementation of the Program for State Manufacturing Industry299

18 Implementation of Other Public Sector Programs318

19 Implementation by the Private Sector336

20 Outcomes and Impact of the Development Program352

PART Ⅴ MAJOR PROBLEMS IN PROGRAM IMPLE-MENTATION371

Chapter 21The Problem of Defects in the Basic Plan371

22 The Problem of Internal Security382

23 Problems of Cultural Adaptation388

24 Problems of Specialized Manpower400

25 Problems of Finance409

26 Problems of Annual Budgeting and Programing432

27 Problems of Management in the Public Enterprises448

28 Problems of Supervision and Coordination465

29 Problems of Public Administration477

30 Problems of Central Economic Policy491

31 Problems of Foreign Aid507

32 Problems of Technical Assistance546

PART Ⅵ CONCLUSIONS AND APPRAISALS565

Chapter 33Significance of the Experience for Burma's Further Eco-nomic Development565

34 Significance of the Burma Experience for Economic Development in Other Countries584

35 Significance of the Burma Experience for U. S. and Western Aid Policy605

APPENDICES613

INDEX663

APPENDICES613

Ⅰ Prime Minister's Report to the People on National Economy,September 27, 1957613

Ⅱ “Our Goal and Our Interim Programme,” Economic Policy Statement, 1953634

Ⅲ Investment Policy Statement of the Council of Ministers,June 8, 1955647

Ⅳ Text of the Union of Burma Investment Act, 1959650

Ⅴ Membership of Important Working Economic Committees, as of 1955-56653

Ⅵ Agenda of the Economic and Social Board, 1955-56655

Ⅶ Robert R. Nathan Associates Field Staff in Burma,September 1951-February 1959659

Ⅷ Selected Economic Indicators in Burma, 1938-39 to 1959-60660

ILLUSTRATIONS(in back pocket)33

1Distribution of Workers by Major Census Classification, 193133

2 Percentage Distribution by Race of Male Earners Grouped by Selected Economic Functions, 193135

3 Income Data on Sample Basis, 195737

4 Urban Family Income, 195738

5 Agricultural Acreage and Production, 1936-37 to 1940-41 Average41

6 Number of Factories and of Workers Employed, 194046

7 Foreign Trade Balance, 1901-4149

8 Exports, 1938-3949

9 Sea-Borne Export Trade with Principal Countries, 1938-3950

10 Government Revenue and Expenditures, 1938-3951

11 General Development Goals in 1950-51 Prices112

12 Government and Private Capital Formation, 1953-54 to 1959-60114

13 Governmental Receipts, by Source, Including Estimated Net Income of Governmental Enterprises, 1938-39 and 1951-52122

14 Requirements for New Skilled Manpower, by Type of Worker,1953-59 （Cumulative）130

15 K.T.A.- Planned Project Expenditures by Sector135

16 K.T.A.- Planned Expenditures for Transportation and Communications141

17 Foreign Exchange Transactions and Reserves, 1952-53 to 1959-60165

18 Direction of Rice Exports, by Tonnage, 1954 through 1959-60169

19 Direction of Rice Exports, by Value, 1954 through 1959-60170

20 Proposed Imports in 1955-56, by Country and Economic Sector188

21 Proposed Private Imports in 1955-56, by Commodity and Area of Origin189

22 Proposed Private Imports from Barter Sources in 1955-56, by Commod-ity and Country of Origin191

23 Import Program of the Civil Supplies Management Board, 1955-56192

24 Consumer Price Index and Value of Imports, 1953-54, 1954-55 and 1955-56198

25 Imports by Type of Commodity, 1953-54, 1954-55 and 1955-56212

26 Imports by Major Category and Structure of Payments, 1953-54, 1954-55 and 1955-56213

27 Consumer Price Index for a Worker's Family in Rangoon, 1953-54,1954-55 and 1955-56213

28 Interim Consumer Price Index for Low-Income Households in Rangoon （Revised April 1958）, Selected Components, 1953 through 1958-59214

29 Consumer Price Indexes in Rangoon, 1941-60215

30 Government Capital Expenditures, 1952-53 to 1955-56 and Estimates for 1956-57 to 1959-60 as Presented in February 1957 by the Ministry for National Planning221

31 Public Capital Expenditures for Agriculture and Irrigation, 1952-53 to 1959-60270

32 Capital Expenditures for Agriculture and Irrigation, by Major Program Component, 1952-53 to 1955-56271

33 Government Loans to Agriculturists, 1952-53 to 1959-60292

34 Land Nationalization and Redistribution, 1953-54 to 1957-58293

35 Public Capital Outlays in the Industrial Sector, 1952-53 to 1959-60300

36 Public Capital Outlays in the Industrial Sector, by Major Category,1952-53 to 1959-60301

37 Investment in Major State Manufacturing Plants （Exclusive of Working Capital）, 1952-53 to 1959-60302

38 Selected Financial Data for Government Manufacturing Enterprises313

39 Current Operating Surplus or Deficit, Selected State Manufacturing In-dustries, 1957-58 to 1960-61314

40 The Teak Production Cycle, 1953-54 to 1956-57321

41 Growth of Power Capacity, Generation and Consumption, 1951-52,1957-58 and 1959-60328

42 Power Generation and Consumption in the Rangoon Electricity Supply Area, 1952, 1957-58 and 1959-60329

43 Power Generation and Consumption in the Rest of Burma, 1951-52,1957-58 and 1959-60329

44 Agricultural Production, Pre-war, 1951-52 and 1959-60339

45 Paddy Yields per Acre, 1936-41 and 1951-52 to 1959-60339

46 Crude Petroleum Production, 1939 and 1951 to 1959-60341

47 Production of Petroleum Products, 1951-52 to 1959-60341

48 Production of Selected Minerals, 1939 and 1952 to 1959-60341

49 Percentage Distribution of Public and Private Imports, 1954-55 to 1959-60343

50 Estimated Industrial Production, Employment and Number of Establish-ments, by Type of Industry and Product, 1953-54 and 1956-57344

51 Cottage Industry: Percentage Increase from 1953-54 to 1956-57 in Num-ber of Establishments, Employment and Output, by Type of Product346

52 Production and Employment in Manufacturing Establishments Employ-ing Ten or More Persons, 1953 and 1957347

53 Value of Manufacturing Output, by Product, 1953 and 1957348

54 Growth of Private Industrial Production, 1953-57348

55 Public Capital Expenditures by Economic Sector, 1952-53 to 1959-60353

56 Percentage Distribution of Public Capital Expenditures by Economic Sector, 1952-53 to 1959-60354

57 Gross Domestic Product in 1947-48 Prices, 1938-39 to 1959-60355

58 Eight-Year Development Plan, Major Economic Targets and Achieve-ments357

59 Gross Capital Formation, Public and Private, 1949-50 to 1959-60358

60 Gross and Net Capital Formation, 1949-50 to 1959-60359

61 Programed and Actual Capital Formation, January 1952 to 1959-60359

62 Public and Private Capital Formation, Programed and Actual, January1952 to 1959-60361

63 Gross Capital Formation as Per Cent of Gross Domestic Product, Pro-gramed and Actual, 1952-53 to 1959-60361

64 The Use of Resources, Pre-war and 1950s, a Percentage Distribution361

65 Comparison of Selected Program Goals and Achievements362

66 Health Facilities and Personnel, 1938-39, 1952 and 1959-60365

67 Enrollment in State Schools, 1952 to 1959-60366

68 Number of State Schools, 1952 to 1959-60366

69 Rice Production, Exports, Proceeds and Prices, Selected Data, 1952-53 to 1959-60372

70 The Union Government Budget, 1952-53 to 1959-60413

71 Comprehensive Budget of the Public Sector, 1952-53 to 1959-60414

72 Cash Consolidated Budget of the Union Government and Its Effect on the Privately Held Money Supply, 1953-54 to 1959-60416

73 Resources Available for Public Capital Expenditures, 1952-53 to 1959-60417

74 Financing of Public Capital Expenditures, 1952-53 to 1959-60419

75 Union Government Budgetary Receipts, 1952-53 to 1959-60422

76 Current Income and Expenditures of Larger State-Owned Boards,1956-57426

77 The Union Government Budget, 1954-55 to 1959-60, Program and Actual444

78 Comprehensive Budget of the Public Sector, 1954-55 to 1959-60, Pro-gram and Actual445

79 Cash-Consolidated Budget of the Union Government and Its Effect on the Privately Held Money Supply, 1954-55 to 1959-60, Program and Actual446

80 Selected Pay Scales in the Public Service, 1954482

81 Chronological Highlights of the Foreign Aid Experience508

82 Major Foreign Aid Agreements, 1951-60510

83 Aid Commitments and Deliveries Through September 30, 1960511

84 Chronology of U. S. Project Loan Agreements529

85 Implementation of the ?25 Million U. S. Development Loan: Status of Projects as of September 30, 1960531

86 Burma's Credit Position with the U.S.S.R., 1955-56 to 1959-60539

87 Sources of Foreign Specialists Assisting the Government as of September 1957548

88 Foreign Specialists Assisting the Government as of September 1957, by Field of Activity550

89 Government Agencies Utilizing Services of Foreign Specialists, as of September 1957551