《TRANSISTORS APPLIED》求取 ⇩

CHAPTER 1INTRODUCTION1

1.1.The transistor versus the tube1

1.2.The fundamental circuit of the transistor and the electron tube1

1.3.Why does the transistor amplify？1

1.4.Why does the electron tube amplify？2

1.5.How strongly does an electron tube amplify？3

1.6.How much does a transistor amplify？7

1.7.What simple circuit illustrates amplification in the elec-tron tube？13

1.8.What simple circuit illustrates amplification in the transistor？14

1.9.How is the working point set？15

1.10.What is the effect of feedback？16

1.11.What is the residual current？19

1.12.How does temperature affect the transistor？19

1.13.What is “stabilisation”？20

1.14.What peculiarities have the cathode follower and the common collector circuit？20

1.15.Are the earthed grid stage and the common base stage equal to each other？21

1.16.A word about current and voltage directions22

CHAPTER 2PHYSICAL PRINCIPLES OF THE TRANSISTOR24

2.1.The conduction mechanism in germanium24

2.1.1.Crystal structure24

2.1.2.Intrinsic conduction24

2.1.3.Extrinsic conduction25

2.2.The p-n boundary layer27

2.3.The p-n-combination as rectifier29

2.4.The junction transistor30

CHAPTER 3SYMBOLS，SIGNS，FUNDAMENTAL CIRCUIT32

CHAPTER 4THE FOUR QUADRANT CHARACTERISTIC FIELD34

CHAPTER 5TWO-POLE REPRESENTATION OF THE TRANSISTOR39

CHAPTER 6TRANSISTOR EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT46

6.1.Voltage equivalent circuit46

6.2.Current equivalent circuit46

CHAPTER 7FIXING THE OPERATING POINT48

7.1.Fixing with series resistance48

7.2.Adjustment with low resistance voltage divider49

CHAPTER 8APPARENT INTERNAL RESISTANCE WITH LOAD VARIATION52

CHAPTER 9TRANSISTORS WITH NEGATIVE FEEDBACK58

9.1.Series feedback59

9.1.1.Voltage control；influence of the control generator66

9.1.2.The apparent transistor characteristic values with series feedback70

9.2.Parallel feedback72

9.2.1.Current control；influence of the control generator77

9.2.2.The apparent characteristic values ofthe transistor with parallel feedback80

9.3.Stabilisation characteristic value83

9.4.Non-linear distortions85

9.4.1.The non-linear distortion factor85

9.4.2.Improving the non-linear distortion factor86

9.5.Working point stabilisation88

CHAPTER 10THE INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE ON THE TRANSISTOR92

10.1.Permissible transistor dissipation92

10.2.Temperature influence on the collector current94

10.2.1.Constant d.c.base and collector voltage96

10.2.2.Load resistance99

10.2.3.Temperature stabilisation by means of feedback101

10.2.4.Temperature compensation with thermistors102

10.2.5.Stabilisation by a base series resistance103

CHAPTER 11TRANSISTOR LEAKAGE CURRENTS104

11.1.Unstabilised circuit105

11.2.Leakage current influence with stabilised constant base current105

11.3.The leakage current influence with stabilisation of the emitter current107

11.4.Leakage current influence with stabilisation of the collector current110

CHAPTER 12DIRECT CURRENT AMPLIFICATION114

12.1.Emitter circuit114

12.2.Base circuit115

CHAPTER 13CHARACTERISTIC VALUES AND THEIR DE-PENDENCE UPON THE WORKING POINT116

13.1.The transistor as regulating device118

CHAPTER 14THE COMMON COLLECTOR CIRCUIT121

14.1.The equivalent characteristic values of the common collector stage127

CHAPTER 15THE COMMON BASE CIRCUIT130

15.1.The equivalent characteristic values of the common base stage134

CHAPTER 16HIGH FREQUENCY BEHAVIOUR OF THE TRANSISTOR136

16.1.Transistor capacitances136

16.1.1.Barrier layer capacitance Cr136

16.1.2.Diffusion capacitance Ci137

16.1.3.The output capacitance Co139

16.2.The high frequency equivalent circuit diagram139

16.3.Limiting frequencies141

16.3.1.The limiting frequency of short-circuit current amplification142

16.3.2.The upper limiting frequency of voltage ampli-fication in the common emitter circuit151

16.3.3.The upper limiting frequency of voltage ampli-fication in the common base circuit152

CHAPTER 17MULTISTAGE LF AMPLIFIERS158

17.1.RC amplifier158

17.1.1.Upper limiting frequency159

17.1.2.Lower limiting frequency160

17.1.3.The emitter capacitance CE162

17.2.Transformer coupling165

17.2.1.Current control166

17.2.2.Output matching166

CHAPTER 18RESONANCE AMPLIFIER168

18.1.Neutralisation171

18.2.Bandfilter coupling171

CHAPTER 19AMPLIFIER NOISE175

19.1.Resistance noise175

19.2.Transistor noise178

CHAPTER 20SUMMARY OF COMPARISONS BETWEEN THE TRANSISTOR AND ELECTRON TUBE183

20.1.Formula and circuit comparison184

Symbols190

Bibliography191

Index193