《marine microbiology a monograph on hydrobacteriology》

Chapter 1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION1

THE IMPORTANCE OF BACTERIA IN THE SEA1

THE PERIOD OF EXPLORATION2

INTENSI- FICATION OF HYDROBACTERIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS8

Chapter 2HE MARINE ENVIRONMENT10

EXTENT AND DEPTH OF THE SEA10

TOPOGRAPHY OF THE SEA FLOOR10

BIOTIC ZONES11

PENETRATION OF SUNLIGHT12

TEMPERATURE OF THE MA-RINE ENVIRONMENT13

THE MOVEMENTS OF SEA WATER14

SALINITY, CHLORINITY, AND DENSITY15

OSMOTIC AND HYDRO-STATIC PRESSURE15

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SEA WATER17

DISSOLVED GASES AND THE PH OF SEA WATER19

ARTIFICIAL OR SYNTHETIC SEA WATER21

MARINE BOTTOM DEPOSITS21

PLANT AND ANIMAL POPULATION22

Chapter 3 COLLECTION AND EXAMINATION OF SAMPLES AT SEA26

THE COLLECTION OF WATER SAMPLES26

METAL CYL-INDERS FOR COLLECTING SAMPLES27

SAMPLERS HAVING A CAPILLARY TUBE INLET28

METAL BOTTLES ARE BACTERICIDAL31

EFFECT OF PRESSURE DURING SAMPLING32

THE COLLECTION OF MUD SAMPLES33

STORAGE OF SAMPLES36

TEMPERATURE CHANGES DURING COLLECTION OF SAMPLES38

THE EXAMINATION OF SAMPLES AT SEA39

Chapter 4 METHODS OF ENUMERATING MARINE BACTERIA41

MEDIA FOR PLATE COUNTS41

SOLIDIFYING AGENTS FOR PLATINGMEDIA44

INCUBATION TEMPERATURE FOR PLATE COUNTS45

DILUTION WATER BLANKS FOR MARINE BACTERIA46

THE SUCCESSIVE DILUTION METHOD FOR ENUMERATING BACTERIA48

THE ENUMERATION OF MARINE ANAEROBES49

DIRECT MICRO-SCOPIC COUNTS51

THE CONCENTRATION OF ORGANISMS FOR DIRECT COUNTS52

DIRECT COUNTS ON BACTERIA IN MUD55

SUBMERGED SLIDE TECHNIC FOR STUDYING BACTERIA IN WATER56

AGED SEA WATER58

Chapter 5 FACTORS INFLUENCING THE DISTRIBUTION OF BAC-TERIA IN THE SEA59

FLUCTUATIONS IN NUMBERS OF MICROORGANISMS59

DISTANCE FROM LAND60

EFFECT OF THE63

DIURNAL FLUCTUATIONS IN THE BACTERIAL POPULATION64

VERTICAL DISTRIBUTION OF MARINE BACTERIA65

EFFECT OF HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE68

EFFECT OF SOLAR RADIATIONS69

TEMPERATURE AS AN ECOLOGICAL FACTOR73

SEA SONAL DISTRIBUTION OF MARINE BACTERIA74

EFFECT OF OTHER ORGANISMS77

THE ANTAGONISTIC EFFECTS OF MICROORGANISMS80

BACTERIOPHAGE IN SEA WATER82

EFFECT OF SOLID SURFACES83

EFFECT OF SEDIMENTATION85

EFFECT OF ORGANIC MATTER87

Chapter 6 MICROORGANISMS IN BOTTOM DEPOSITS90

NUMBERS OF BACTERIA IN SEDIMENTS90

VERTICAL DISTRIBUTION OF BACTERIA IN MUD91

LOWER LIMITS OF THE BIOSPHERE92

FACTORS INFLUENCING ABUNDANCE OF BACTERIA IN MUD93

BIOCOENOSIS AND BACTERIA IN BOTTOM DEPOSITS95

KINDS OF MICROORGANISMS OCCURRING IN BOTTOM DEPOSITS97

Chapter 7 ACTIVITIES OF MICROORGANISMS IN BOTTOM DEPOSITS100

CALCIUM CARBONATE PRECIPITATION100

DEPOSITION OF IRON AND MANGANESE103

EFFECT ON HYDROGEN-ION CONCENTRATION104

EFFECT ON OXIDATION-REDUCTION POTENTIAL105

FACTORS INFLUENCING OXYGEN CONSUMPTION107

GASES IN BOTTOM DEPOSITS108

EFFECT ON ORGANIC CONTENT OF BOTTOM DEPOSITS110

THE PETROLEUM PROBLEM111

SULFUR DEPOSITION112

PARTICLE-BINDING ACTION OF MICROORGANISMS112

ENZYMES IN BOTTOM DEPOSITS113

Chapter 8 CHARACTERISTICS OF MARINE BACTERIA114

CELL MORPHOLOGY114

CULTURAL CHARACTERISTICS116

PHYSIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS117

SALINITY REQUIREMENTS119

TEMPERATURE TOLERANCE121

ATTACHMENT PROPENSITIES124

BACTERIAL GENERA REPRESENTED IN THE SEA124

Chapter 9 AQUATIC YEASTS AND MOLDS129

OCCURRENCE OF YEASTS IN THE SEA129

MARINE MOLDS131

SIGNIFICANCE OF YEASTS AND MOLDS IN THE SEA133

IMPORTANCE OF FUNGI IN LAKES135

Chapter 10 TRANSFORMATION OF ORGANIC MATTER135

QUANTITY OF ORGANIC MATTER DECOMPOSED136

DECOMPOSITION OF CARBOHYDRATES138

LIGNIN DECOMPOSITION141

PROTEINACEOUS COMPOUNDS142

CHITIN DECOMPOSITION143

LIPOLYTIC BACTERIA145

BACTERIAL OXIDATION OF HYDROCARBONS146

MARINE HUMUS148

Chapter 11 THE NITROGEN CYCLE IN THE SEA150

AMMONIA PRODUCTION150

BACTERIAL OXIDATION OF AMMONIA151

OXIDATION OF NITRITE TO NITRATE153

REDUCTION OF NITRATE AND NITRITE154

NITROGEN FIXATION156

Chapter 12 BACTERIA WHICH TRANSFORM SULFUR COMPOUNDS158

LIBERATION OF SULFUR FROM ORGANIC COMPOUNDS158

SULFATE REDUCTION159

THE OXIDATION OF SULFUR COMPOUNDS161

ACHROMIC SULFUR BACTERIA162

PURPLE SULFUR BACTERIA164

TRANSFORMATION OF SELENIUM COMPOUNDS166

Chapter 13 THE PHOSPHORUS CYCLE167

ASSIMILATION OF PHOSPHATE BY MICROORGANISMS167

REGENERATION OF PHOSPHATE168

EFFECT OF BACTERIA ON SOLUBILITY OF PHOSPHATE169

Chapter 14 RELATION OF MARINE BACTERIA TO FLORA AND FAUNA170

RECIPROCAL RELATIONS OF BACTERIA AND PLANTS170

MARINE PLANT PATHOGENS171

RECIPROCAL RELATIONS OF BACTERIA AND ANIMALS172

BACTERIA AS FOOD FOR ANIMALS173

MARINE ANIMAL PATHOGENS175

ANTIBIOTIC CONDITIONS CAUSED BY BACTERIA176

Chapter 15 MICROORGANISMS IN MARINE AIR177

BACTERIA IN MARINE AIR177

YEASTS AND MOLD SPORES IN AIR178

MICROBIAL CONTENT OF PRECIPITATION179

POLLENS IN MARINE AIR179

AERIAL TRANSPORT OF MARINE BACTERIA180

Chapter 16 SANITARY ASPECTS OF MARINE MICROBIOLOGY182

HUMAN PATHOGENS IN SEA WATER182

COLIFORM BACTERIA SURVEYS184

BACTERIOLOGY OF SHELLFISH185

BACTERIOLOGY OF MARINE FISH188

SANITATION OF SEA-WATER BATHS191

BACTERI-OLOGY OF ICE191

Chapter 17 ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF MARINE MICROORGANISMS193

FOULING OF SUBMERGED SURFACES193

BACTERIA ASSOCIATED WITH WOOD-BORERS194

DESTRUCTION OF CORDAGE AND FISH NETS195

BACTERIAL DETERIORATION OF CORK AND RUBBER196

HALOPHILIC BACTERIA IN SOLAR SALT196

SPOILAGE OF MARINE FOOD PRODUCTS197

Chapter 18 MICROBIOLOGY OF INLAND WATERS200

THE BLACK SEA200

BACTERIOLOGY OF RUSSIAN LIMANS201

GREAT SALT LAKE202

THE DEAD SEA204

FRESH-WATER LAKES204

BIBLIOGRAPHY209

AUTHOR INDEX231

GENERAL INDEX234