《calcareous shallow-water marine deposits of florida and the bahamas》

Introduction41

Regions Investigated,and Review of Previous Studies41

Quantity of Material Studied43

Method of Procedure43

Discussion of Methods of Examination44

Review of the Geologic History of the Regions47

Geologic History of the Floridian Plateau47

Geologic History of the Florida Reef Tract48

Geologic History of the Bahamas48

Countercurrent,Tides,and Prevailing Winds50

Organisms Contributing to the Bottom Deposits and Recognition of their Fragmental Skeletons52

Calcareous Alg?52

Table 1. Order of Quantitative Importance for Each Constituent or Aggregation52

Report on Calcareous Alg? from Florida and the Bahamas53

Table 2. A. Samples in which Silt or Clay Exceeds 50 per cent of the Total Weight53

B. Samples in which Silt and Clay Exceed 50 per cent of the Total Weight54

C. Samples in which One Constituent Equals or Exceeds 40 per cent of the Total Weight54

D. Samples Containing 30 per cent or More,and Less than 40 per cent,of a Single Constituent54

E. Maximum Values for Minor Constituents55

Table 3. Partial Chemical Composition of Some Organic Constituents55

Mollusks56

Foraminifera56

Madreporarian Corals57

Spicules and Fragments59

Minor Contributors60

Undifferentiated Calcium Carbonate Fragments60

Pellets61

Table 4. Distribution and Percentage of Pellets61

Ecology of the Organisms63

Favorable and Unfavorable Conditions63

Temperature as a Controlling Factor64

Nutrient Material in Sea-water and its Control of Organisms64

Oolites66

General Discussion66

Table 5. Distribution of Oolites67

Table 6. Chemical Analyses of Oolite and Bottom Samples from Florida and the Bahamas,by W.C.Wheeler68

Theories of Origin68

Chemical Determinations of Calcium,Magnesium, and Carbonate70

Table 7. Partial Chemical Analyses of Twenty Representative Samples70

Table 8. Ratio of Calcium to Magnesium According to Localities71

Table 9. Partial Chemical Analyses of Bottom Samples from Florida and the Bahamas,by W.C. Wheeler72

Table 10. Chemical Analysis of Composite of Samples 190 to 193 from behind Reef off Cocoanut Point,Andros Island, by Alfred A.Chambers73

Aragonite Needles and Calcium Carbonate Equilibrium73

Aragonite Needles73

Bacterial Precipitation of Calcium Carbonate74

Discussion of Physico-Chemical Precipitation76

Drewite,Vaughanite79

Table 11. Hydrographic Data81

Surface Water Temperatures in the Bahamas,by Paul Bartsch,U.S.National Museum81

Subsurface Water Temperature in Tongue of the Ocean (after Drew)81

Drew's Station 1. 6 Knots East of Golding Cay81

Drew's Station 2. 14 Knots East of Golding Cay81

Minerals80

Quantity and Distribution of Quartz80

Other Minerals82

Pyroclastics and Organic Carbon83

Cosmic Spherule84

Fossils and Minerals Derived from Older Formations84

Kinds and Relative Abundance84

Secondarily Derived Oolites84

Discussions of Mechanical Analyses84

Scope of Mechanical Analyses84

Distribution of Particle Sizes in the Various Regions85

South Bight85

Golding Cay Entrance87

Behind the Reef at Cocoanut Point88

Great Bahama Bank89

Tongue of the Ocean89

Florida Reef Tract North and East of Key West89

Marquesas Lagoon89

The Quicksands89

Tortugas89

Descriptions of Some Other Recent Marine Calcium Carbonate Sediments91

Murray Island,Australia91

Pago Pago Harbor,Samoa92

Funa-futi Atoll92

Maiao Island,South Pacific92

A Calcareous Beach on the Coast of Maine and at John O'Groats,Scotland93

Summary93

Determinations of the Quantities of Material Derived from Organic and Inorganic Sources93

Conclusions based on the Series of 142 Mechanical Analyses of Samples94

Comparison with Calcium Carbonate Sediments from other Regions94

List of Localities from Which Bottom Samples Were Obtained95

Bottom Samples Studied in Detail95

Bottom Samples Used for Comparison96

Tables99

Table 12. Mechanical Analyses99

A. Bottom Samples Studied in Detail99

B. Bottom Samples used for Comparison101

Table 13. Microscopical Analyses103

Florida Samples 49-63103

Florida Samples 117-134 1/2105

Florida Samples 136-206a107

Florida Samples 208-214109

Bahama Samples 144-181110

Bahama Samples 182-195112

Literature Cited114

Plates 1 to 4120

Appendices121

1. Diatoms in Bottom Deposits from the Bahamas and the Florida Keys,by Albert Mann121

2. Current Measurements Along the Florida Coral Reef Tract,by Thomas Wayland Vaughan129

Notes on Current Observations,Florida Keys,June,October,November 1914,by Frank J.Haight142

Plate 5144