《Economic Mineral Deposits》

PART I. PRINCIPLES AND PROCESSES1

1. Introduction1

2. Brief History of the Use of Minerals and of the Development of Economic Geology5

3. Materials of Mineral Deposits and their Formation18

Materials19

Formation of Minerals27

Stability of Minerals35

Geologic Thermometers36

4. Magmas, Rocks, and Mineral Deposits44

Magmas and Differentiation45

Emanations55

Magmas and Mineral Deposits59

5. Processes of Formation of Mineral Deposits67

5.1 Magmatic Concentration69

5.2 Sublimation80

5.3 Contact Metamorphism81

5.4 Metasomatic Replacement92

5.5 Cavity Filling116

5.6 Sedimentation153

5.7 Evaporation176

5.8 Mechanical Concentration198

5.9 Residual Concentration217

5.10 Oxidation and Supergene Enrichment243

5.11 Metamorphism289

5.12 Summary of Origin of Mineral Deposits301

6. Controls of Mineral Localization304

Structural Controls304

Stratigraphic306

Physical and Chemical309

Igneous Rocks311

Zonal Distribution315

Metallogenetic Epochs and Provinces317

7. Folding and Faulting of Mineral Deposits329

Folding329

Faulting335

8. Classifications of Mineral Deposits356

9. Resources, International Relations, and Conservation in Minerals366

10. Geology in Prospecting, Exploration, Development, and Valuation of Mineral Deposits375

Areal375

Geophysical376

Exploration and Development392

11. Extraction of Metals and Minerals396

Mining396

Milling406

Smelting411

PART Ⅱ. METALLIC MINERAL DEPOSITS415

12. The Precious Metals417

Gold417

Silver451

Platinum472

13. The Nonferrous Metals479

Copper479

Lead and Zinc525

Tin545

Aluminum551

14. Iron and Ferroalloy Metals560

Iron561

Manganese575

Nickel583

Chromium588

Molybdenum592

Tungsten594

Vanadium599

Cobalt600

15. Minor Metals and Related Nonmetals602

Antimony602

Arsenic604

Beryllium605

Bismuth606

Cadmium607

Magnesium608

Mercury609

Radium and Uranium613

Selenium and Tellurium615

Tantalum and Columbium616

Titanium617

Zirconium619

Miscellaneous619

PART Ⅲ. NONMETALLIC MINERAL DEPOSITS621

Classification of Nonmetallic Minerals623

16. The Mineral Fuels626

Coal626

Petroleum and Gas643

17. Ceramic Materials684

Clay684

Feldspar693

Others695

18. Structural and Building Materials698

Building, Roofing and Crushed Stone698

Hydraulic Cements704

Sand and Gravel706

Gypsum707

Lime709

Magnesite710

Mineral Pigments714

Heat and Sound Insulators716

Asphalt and Native Bitumens719

19. Metallurgical and Refractory Materials721

Fluorspar721

Cryolite725

Graphite725

Refractories729

Foundry Sands734

Limestone and Lime734

Others735

20. Industrial and Manufacturing Materials736

Asbestos736

Mica743

Talc746

Barite and Witherite748

Glass Sands750

Mineral Fillers752

Mineral Filters753

Fuller's Earth or Bleaching Clay755

Optical Crystals759

21. Chemical Minerals763

Salt and Brines763

Borax and Borates767

Sodium Compounds770

Calcium and Magnesium Chloride772

Bromine and Iodine773

Potash774

Sulphur774

Nitrates and Nitrogen780

Lithium781

Strontium782

Miscellaneous783

22. Fertilizer Minerals786

Potash787

Nitrates794

Phosphates798

Limestone and Lime804

Sulphur805

23. Abrasives and Abrasive Minerals808

Diamonds809

Corundum811

Emery812

Garnet813

Natural Silica814

Miscellaneous818

Manufactured819

24. Gemstones821

Diamond824

Ruby and Sapphire833

Emerald and Beryl835

Opal836

Others839

25. Ground-Water Supplies842

Principles842

Supplies851

INDEX861