《INTRODUCTION TO INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES》求取 ⇩

1 Introduction1

1.1Fundamental operating principles1

1.2 Early internal combustion engine development6

1.3 Characteristics of internal combustion engines13

1.4Additional types of internal combustion engine15

1.4.1 The Wankel engine16

1.4.2 Stratified charge engines17

1.5 Prospects for internal combustion engines19

2 Thermodynamic Principles22

2.1Introduction and definitions of efficiency22

2.2Ideal air standard cycles25

2.2.1 The ideal air standard Otto cycle25

2.2.2 The ideal air standard Diesel cycle26

2.2.3 The ideal air standard Dual cycle29

2.2.4 The ideal air standard Atkinson cycle29

2.3 Comparison between thermodynamic and mechanical cycles30

2.4 Additional performance parameters for internal combustion engines32

2.5 Fuel-air cycle35

2.6 Computer models39

2.7 Conclusions41

2.8 Examples43

2.9 Problems45

3 Combustion and Fuels47

3.1Introduction47

3.2 Combustion chemistry and fuel chemistry50

3.3 Combustion thermodynamics55

3.4 Dissociation60

3.5Combustion in spark ignition engines62

3.5.1 Normal combustion62

3.5.2 Abnormal combustion64

3.6 Combustion in compression ignition engines65

3.7Fuels ？nd additives66

3.7.1 Charac？？istics of petrol67

3.7.2 Character stics of d？esel fuel73

3.8 En？ine emissions76

3.9 Combu t？on modelling79

3.9Introduction79

3.9.2 Zero-d？mnensional models80

3.9.3 Quasi-dimensional models82

3.10 Con？lusions84

3.11 Examples84

3.12 Pro lems94

4Spark Ignition Engines96

4.1 Introduction96

4.2Combustion chambers98

4.2.1 Conventional combustion chambers98

4.2.2 High compression ratio combustion chambers104

4.3 Ignition systems107

4.4Carburettors111

4.4.1 Variable jet carburettor115

4.4.2 Fixed jet carburettor116

4.5 Fuel injection121

4.6 Electronic control of engines122

4.7 Conclusions127

4.8 Example128

4.9 Problems129

5Compression Ignition Engines131

5.1 Introduction131

5.2 Direct injection（DI）systems132

5.3 Indire？t injection（IDI）systems137

5.4 Cold starting of compression ignition engines141

5.5Fuel injection equipment145

5.5.1 Fuel injectors147

5.5.2 Injector pumps152

5.5.3 Interconnection of pumps and injec？ors157

5.6 Conclusions161

5.7 Example162

5.8 Problems163

6Induction and Exhaust Processes165

6.1 Introduction165

6.2Valve gear166

6.2.1 Valve types166

6.2.2 Valve-operating systems166

6.2.3 Flow characteristics of poppet valves170

6.2.4 Valve timing173

6.2.5 Dynamic behaviour of valve gear175

6.3 Unsteady compressible fluid flow178

6.4 Manifold design181

6.5 Silencing185

6.6 Conclusions187

6.7 Problems187

7Turbocharging188

7.1 Introduction188

7.2 Radial flow and axial flow machines191

7.3 Turbocharging the compression ignition engine201

7.4 Turbocharging the spark ignition engine206

7.5 Conclusions212

7.6 Examples213

7.7 Problems217

8Mechanical Design Considerations218

8.1 Introduction218

8.2 The disposition and number of the cylinders219

8.3 Cylinder block and head materials223

8.4 The piston and rings226

8.5 The connecting-rod，crankshaft，camshaft and valves228

8.6Lubrication and bearings232

8.6.1 Lubrication232

8.6.2 Bearing materials235

8.7 Conclusions239

9Experimental Facilities240

9.1 Introduction240

9.2Simple engine testrig241

9.2.1 Dynamometers241

9.2.2 Fuel-consumption measurement244

9.2.3 Air flow rate246

9.2.4 Indicator diagrams247

9.2.5 Indicated power249

9.2.6 Engine test conditions251

9.2.7 Energy balance252

9.3 Experimental accuracy253

9.4 Advanced test systems255

9.5 Conclusions260

10Case Studies261

10.1 Introduction261

10.2Jaguar V 12 HE engine261

10.2.1 Background261

10.2.2 Engine development263

10.2.3 Jaguar V12 ignition and mixture preparation development266

10.2.4 Combustion chamber development269

10.3Chrysler 2.2 litre spark ignition engine272

10.3.1 Background272

10.3.2 The cylinder head272

10.3.3 The cylinder block and associated components276

10.3.4 Combustion control277

10.3.5 Catalyst systems277

10.4Ford 2.5 litre DI Diesel engine281

10.4.1 Background281

10.4.2 Description282

10.4.3 The combustion system284

Appendix A：The Use of SI Units288

Appendix B：Answers to Numerical Problems291

Appendix C：Engine Specifications292

C.1Sulzer marine compression ignition engines292

C.2 Ford‘Dover’90-150 series direct injection compression ignition engines294

C.3 Rolls Royce CV12 direct injection compression ignition engine295

C.4 Ford V6 ‘Essex’ spark ignition engine295

C.5 Chrysler 875 cm 3 spark ignition engine296

C.6 Jaguar V 12 spark ignition engine297

C.7 Chrysler 2.2 litre spark ignition engine297

C.8 Fiat-Sofim indirect injection compression ignition engine298

C.9 Ford 2.5 litre DI Diesel engine299

C.10 Volvo-Penta 2-stroke spark ignition outboard motor engines301

Appendix D：Stratified Charge Engines302

Appendix E：Engine tuning305

E.1Introduction305

E.2 Tuning for spark ignition engine economy305

E.3 Tuning for spark ignition engine output307

Bibliography310

References312

Index315