《The Limits of Expanding Liability》求取 ⇩

GENERAL INTRODUCTION3

Preliminary Observations3

1.Introduction3

2.The Questions Raised by the Hypotheticals4

3.The Need for and the Value of Comparative Research5

4.The Floodgates Argument6

5.The Floodgates Argument Revisited: Insurance and7

Other Means to Keep Liability within Reasonable Limits7

6.Challenging Traditional Solutions8

6.1.Introduction8

6.2.Economic Loss9

6.3.Personal Injury and Damage to Property12

6.4.The Limits of Causation12

6.5.Prescription13

6.6.Different ‘Tools' to Keep Liability within Reasonable Limits13

6.7.Extension of Tort Law Based on Equity14

7.The Desirability of Additional Tools to Dam Crushing Liability14

7.1.Ceilings14

7.2.Ad hoc Control (Equitable Reduction)15

7.3.Funds16

7.4.Schedules, Scales and Matrices16

7.5.Insurance Cover Provided by Government or Payment from Public Funds16

8.Final Observations17

The Tilburg Hypotheticals19

Case 1, the ‘Auditor - Case'19

Case 2, the ‘Cable - Case'19

Case 3, the ‘Traffic Jam - Case'19

Case 4, the ‘Pollution - Case'20

Case 5, the ‘Defro - Case'20

Case 6, the ‘One Legged Victim - Case'20

Case 7, the ‘Cancer - Case'20

Case 8, the ‘Playing Boys - Case'21

THE TILBURG HYPOTHETICALS IN GENERAL25

The ‘Auditor - Case'25

1.Short Survey of the Solutions25

2.The Problem Inherent in Compensation of Pure Economic Loss28

3.Arguments for and against the Liability of the Auditors to the Investors29

3.1.The Extension of Contractual Liability in Favour of the Investors29

3.2.The Extensive Tortious Liability of Experts30

3.3.The Restricted Liability of Experts to Third Parties31

3.4.Special Barriers to Liability of the Auditors under Certain Legal Systems33

3.5.Mitigation of Liability of the Auditor to Third Parties34

4.Final Observations34

Comparative Report on Case 237

General Discussion42

1.Do we Regard Economic Loss as Occupying an Inferior Position in our Scale of Values for the Purpose of Tort Law43

2.Does the Ability of the Plaintiff to Protect himself (e.g.by Insurance or Contractual Arrangements) Differ from One Situation to Another so as to Justify the Distinction?44

3.Deterrence/Justice45

4.Expediency/Predictability46

Comparative Law Report on Cases 3 and 451

Case 351

Case 455

General Discussion on Cases 3 and 464

COUNTRY REPORTS69

Austria69

Answers to the Hypotheticals under Austrian Law69

1.The ‘Auditor - Case'69

2.The ‘Cable - Case'71

3.The ‘Traffic Jam - Case'73

4.The ‘Pollution - Case'74

5.The ‘Defro - Case'76

(a) Liability Based on a Contract with Prospective Purpose in Favour of Third Parties77

(b) Liability Based on Tort Law77

6.The ‘One Legged Victim - Case'78

7.The ‘Cancer - Case'78

8.The ‘Playing Boys - Case'79

Belgium81

Belgian Report (Part 1)81

Preliminary Remarks on Causation, Breach of Causal Relation and Concept of Damages81

(a) Causation81

(b) Breach of Causal Relation83

(c) Recoverable Damages83

1.The ‘Auditor - Case'83

2.The ‘Cable - Case'85

3.The ‘Traffic Jam - Case'86

4.The ‘Pollution - Case'87

Belgian Report (Part2)87

5.The ‘Defro - Case'87

6.The ‘One Legged Victim - Case'89

7.The ‘Cancer - Case'89

8.The ‘Playing Boys - Case'90

England93

Questionnaire, Responses in the Context of English Law93

Case 1, Auditors - Negligent Financial Reporting93

Case 2, Interruption of Utility Supplies95

Case 3, Blockage of Highway96

Case 4, Pollution of the Lake97

1.The Hotel on the Beach98

2.The Other Hotels, etc98

Case 5, the Frozen Food Contamination99

1.The Persons Poisoned by the Frozen Food99

2.Defro's Loss of Business Reputation100

Case 6, Death in the Subsequent Fire102

Case 7, The Industrial Disease103

Case 8, Children Causing Fire105

France107

Solutions proposees pour les differents cas pratiques imagines par les auteurs du questionnaire: France107

CasN°1107

CasN°2109

CasN°3110

CasN°4110

CasN°5111

CasN°6114

CasN°7115

CasN°8117

Germany119

Antworten unter deutschem Recht119

1.Wirtschaftsprufer (auditor's liability)119

2.Der Kabel - Fall121

3.Der Verkehrsstau122

4.Wasserverunreinigung nach Industrieunfall123

5.Der Defro -Fall124

6.Der Mann mit dem einen Bein124

7.Der erkrankte Arbeitnehmer126

8.Die zundelnden Kinder126

Greece129

Tort Liability in Particular Circumstances: Greece129

1.The ‘Auditors - Case'129

2.The ‘Cable - Case'130

3.The ‘Traffic Jam - Case'131

4.The ‘Pollution - Case'132

5.The ‘Defro - Case '133

6.The ‘One Legged Victim - Case'134

7.The ‘Cancer - Case'134

8.The ‘Playing Boys - Case'136

Italy137

Answers to the Hypotheticals under Italian Law137

1.The ‘Auditor - Case'137

(a) The Liability of the Auditors137

(b) The Two Groups of Claimants139

(c) The Wrongfulness of the Damage140

2.The ‘Cable - Case'141

(a) A Theoretical Problem141

(b) A Leading Case142

3.The ‘Traffic Jam - Case'143

(a) The Loss of a Chance143

(b) The Personal Injuries143

4.The ‘Pollution - Case'144

(a) The Normative Framework144

(b) The Different Positions of the Victim145

5.The ‘Defro - Case'146

(a) The Normative Framework146

(b) The Most Reliable Conclusion148

6.The ‘One Legged Victim - Case'148

(a) The Case148

(b) The Normative Framework148

(c) Conclusions149

7.The ‘Cancer - Case'150

(a) The Normative Framework150

(b) Limitations of Actions151

8.The ‘Playing Boys - Case'152

(a) The Normative Framework152

(b) The Possible Solutions154

The Netherlands157

The Hypotheticals, seen from a Dutch Perspective157

1.Auditor's Liability157

(a) The Damage Suffered by the Take-Over Company157

(b) The Damage Suffered by the Shareholders159

2.Power Supply; Building Company's Liability159

3.Traffic Accident; Damage Caused by a Traffic Jam162

(a) The Lost Time162

(b) The Ambulance Patient163

4.Spilt Oil; Damage Caused by Drop of Tourists163

5.The ‘Defro - Case'165

6.The ‘One Legged Victim - Case'167

7.Labour Diseases, Caused in the Past by a Carcinogenic Liquid168

8.The ‘Playing Boys - Case'170

Portugal173

Portuguese Report, Reponses to the Questionnaire173

1.Auditors173

2.Interruption of Power Supply175

3.Blockage of the Highway177

(a) Damage Arising from Time Lost by People Held up in a Traffic Jam177

(b) Damage Suffered by a Patient being Transported in an Ambulance177

4.Pollution of a Lake178

(a) Costs Borne by a State Body in Respect of Cleaning Operations178

(b) Damage Suffered by the Proprietors of the Lakeside Hotels179

(c) Damage Suffered by Others179

5.Poisonous Packaging182

6.Death in the Fire183

7.Industrial Illness185

8.Children Causing Fire187

Sweden189

Responses: Sweden189

Question 1189

A.Enterprise189

B.Shareholders191

Question 2191

Question 3192

Question 4192

A.Property Damage192

B.Pure Economic Loss193

Question 5194

A.The Manufacturer194

B.The Carrier195

C.Joint and Several Liability195

Question 6195

Question 7195

Question 8196

Switzerland197

Die Tilburg Hypotheticals197

1.Der Buchprufer - Fall197

2.Der Kabelbruch - Fall200

3.Der Verkehrsstau - Fall201

4.Der Seeverschmutzungs - Fall202

5.Der Defro - Fall204

6.Der Fall des einbeinigen Unfallopfers (Erst-und Zweitunfall)206

7.Der Krebs - Fall207

8.Der Fall der Kinder als Brandstifter208

United States211

A Preliminary Note on Stand-Alone Economic Loss211

1.Case 1, Auditors212

A.Common Law Rules213

B.Statutory Regulation of Securities Industry214

2.Case 2, the Power Outage without Physical Harm215

3.Case 3, the Blocked Road and Traffic Jam - Case and Case 4, the Oil Spill - Case217

A.Preliminary Matters and Tentative Conclusions217

B.Legal Bases218

1.Public Nuisances with Private Harm218

2.Pollution Statutes220

4.Case 5, the Poisonous Cooling Liquid221

A.In Summary222

1.Carriers' Liability222

2.The Manufacturer's Liability222

B.Economic Harm Claims against the Manufacturer223

1.Characterization of the Case223

2.Economic Harm in Product Liability Cases223

3.Reputational Harm, Defamation and Interference with Business225

5.Case 6, the Second Injury228

A.In Summary228

B.Proximate Cause in Second Injury Cases229

1.General Principles229

2.In Second Injury Cases230

3.Application to Case 6231

C.Statute of Limitations232

D.Res Judicta, Settlement233

E.Full Compensation234

F.Conclusion234

6.Case 7, Latent Industrial Disease235

A.Worker's Compensation as the Exclusive Remedy235

B.Where the Employer is Subject to Tort Liability236

7.Case 8, Playing Boys237

INDEX239