《GATT ARTICLE VI AND THE PROTECTIONIST BIAS IN ANTI DUMPING LAWS》

Chapter ⅠIntroduction:Dumping and Anti-Dumping1

Ⅰ.The Phenomenon1

Ⅱ.The Rules Governing Price Discrimination2

Ⅲ.The Development of Anti-Dumping Enforcement3

Ⅳ.The Justification of GATT Article VI and National Anti-Dumping Law Today5

Chapter ⅡDumping,Economic Theory,and the GATT Article VI Approach7

Ⅰ.Introduction7

Ⅱ.Classical Analysis8

A.The Definition8

B.The Rationale of Price Discrimination9

C.The Effects of Dumping10

Ⅲ.New Trade and Production Patterns11

A.'Domestic'(Industry) Welfare?11

B.'Domestic'Like Products?14

C.'Domestic'Production?15

Ⅳ.Conclusion18

Chapter ⅢDumping and the Multilateral Trade Treaty System21

Ⅰ.Origins21

Ⅱ.Evolution-Legalisation and Judicialisation22

Ⅲ.Multilateral Obligations and Domestic Implementation24

Ⅳ.Judicial Review26

Ⅴ.Prospects27

Chapter ⅣAnalysis of Selected Anti-Dumping Issues29

Ⅰ.Introduction29

Ⅱ.Dumping as Price Discrimination30

A.Introduction30

B.Like Product Issues33

1.The GATT and Code Standard35

2.National Legislation35

C.Domestic Industry40

D.Input Dumping45

1.The GATT and MTN Agreements Obligations45

2.The Cases46

3.The Position in United States' Law After the Trade Act 198849

4.Legislation of other Countries51

5.Are Changes Necessary?51

E.Subassembly Dumping53

1.Introduction53

2.Cases55

3.The GATT and Code Obligations56

4.Consideration of Cases57

5.United States Legislation58

6.The European Communities62

7.Prospects70

F.Sales Below Cost of Production and the Anti-Dumping Regime71

1.Introduction71

2.Economics and Sales Below Cost72

3.Legislation in Different States74

4.GATT and Code Standards77

5.Actual National Practice80

6.Consequences83

7.Sales below Cost in Competition Law85

8.Perspectives86

Ⅲ.Injury and Causation Issues87

A.Issues in the Kennedy and Tokyo Rounds87

1.Harmonisation Attempts87

2.The Tokyo-Round Negotiations89

B.Issues in the Actual Debate90

1.Material Injury90

2.De Minimis?93

3.Margins Analysis94

4.Technical Dumping or Price Alignment97

5.Cumulation98

Ⅳ.Procedural Aspects109

A.Initiation of Anti-Dumping Investigations109

B.Harassment through Monitoring110

C.Standing of Petitioners110

D.Undertakings111

E.Judicial Review112

F.Financial Aspects112

Chapter ⅤPrice Discrimination in Competition Law and Anti-Dumping113

Ⅰ.Renewed Interface Discussion113

A.The Origins113

1.The Canadian Legislation113

2.The New Zealand Legislation115

3.The Australian Legislation116

4.The Legislation of Japan,South-Africa and New Foundland117

5.The Legislation in the United Kingdom118

6.The Development of United States Legislation119

B.Anti-Trust Regulation in Multilateral Treaties124

1.Paris and Brussels Sugar Convention124

2.International Union for the Protection of Industrial Property,Paris 1883124

3.League of Nations125

4.General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade126

5.United Nations Economic and Social Council127

6.OECD and UNCTAD Initiatives128

7.Council of Europe and Organisation for European Economic Cooperation129

8.European Coal and Steel Community129

9.Treaty of the European Economic Community of 1957130

10.EFTA Agreement of 1960131

11.Free Trade Agreements EEC/ECSC-EFTA132

12.Latin-American Associations133

13.Canada-US Free Trade Agreement of 1988134

14.Australia-New Zealand Trade Agreements134

Ⅱ.Price Discrimination in Competition Laws135

A.The Law and Debate in the United States of America135

1.Sherman Act135

2.Robinson-Patman Act137

B.The Canadian Legislation138

C.Law and Debate in the EEC140

1.Article 85 EEC Treaty141

2.Article 86 EEC Treaty144

3.Competition Law of the Member States146

D.Differences between Anti-Dumping and Anti-Trust Approaches to Price Discrimination150

1.General Approach150

2.Comparison of Essential Details151

E.Possible Justifications154

1.Domestic and Foreign Policy?154

2.Extraterritoriality and Foreign Sovereignty?154

3.Differences in the Setting154

Chapter ⅥAntidumping in the Future-Repeal It157

Ⅰ.Avenues for Action157

Ⅱ.Small Steps:Bilateralism and Reciprocity158

A.Improvement of Particular Aspects158

1.Notification159

2.Consultation159

3.Review of Final Determinations159

4.Increasing Thresholds161

B.Substitution of Anti-Dumping with Competition Law162

1.GATT Consistency162

2.Obstacles to Overcome163

Ⅲ.Multilateral Avenues of Action164

A.Constraints on Abuses164

1.Sales at a Loss164

2.Components Dumping165

3.Cumulation165

4.Margins Analysis165

5.Meeting Competition166

B.Small Scale Improvements166

1.Material Injury166

2.Like Product Definition166

3.Domestic Industry167

4.Welfare Analysis167

5.National Interest Clause167

6.Judicial Review168

C.Abandoning the GATT Anti-Dumping Concept168

Ⅳ.Conclusion169

Selected Bibliography171

Ⅰ.Official Documents171

A.League of Nations171

B.United Nations and GATT171

C.Other173

D.Australia174

E.Canada175

F.European Communities175

G.New Zealand176

H.United States of America176

Ⅱ.Books and Articles176

Annex 1GATT(excerpts)219

Annex 2Anti-dumping Code(1979)223

Annex 3GATT,Report by the Panel,EEC - Japan237

Annex 4Regulation(EC) No.2423/88247

Annex 5US Anti-dumping Laws(excerpts)271

Annex 6Canadian Anti-dumping Law(excerpts)309

Annex 7Canada-US Free Trade Agreement(excerpts)325

Annex 8Australian Anti-dumping Law337

Annex 9New Zealand Anti-dumping Law381

Annex 10ANCERTA(excerpts)395

Annex 11Protocol to the Australia New Zealand Closer Economic Relations Trade Agreement on Acceleration of Free Trade in Goods397

Index399