《THE LAW AND PRACTICE OF COMMERCIAL ARBITRATION IN ENGLAND》求取 ⇩

PART Ⅰ PRELIMINARY3

Chapter 1 Descriptive introduction5

A The English system5

1 General5

2 Sources of law6

3 The relationship with the Court7

B The arbitration agreement7

1 Nature and effect of the agreement7

2 Enforcing the arbitration agreement9

C The tribunal10

1 Composition of the tribunal10

2 Qualifications11

3 Constituting the tribunal12

4 Rights and duties of the arbitrator12

5 Judicial arbitration13

D Beginning an arbitration13

E The jurisdiction of the Court15

F The reference16

1 Variety of procedures16

2 Conciliation: duty to apply the law20

3 Foreign law20

4 Procedural reinforcement by the Court21

5 Procedural control by the Court21

(a) Intervention during the reference22

(b) Intervention after the award23

G The award25

1 Types of award25

2 The decision26

3 Form and substance26

4 Interest and costs26

5 The effect of an award27

H Appeals on questions of law28

I Enforcement30

Chapter 2 What is an arbitration?32

A Why does it matter?32

1 Relationship of arbitration to other types of tribunal32

2 Separate historical origins of arbitration34

3 Distinctive features of arbitration36

B Defining an arbitration41

1 General41

2 Relevant factors: summary43

(a) Attributes which must be present43

(b) Other factors which are relevant43

3 Relevant factors: detailed discussion44

(a) Attributes which must be present44

(i) Decision intended to be binding44

(ii) The parties to the process45

(iii) Consensual resolution of the dispute45

(iv) A consensual tribunal46

(v) An impartial tribunal46

(vi) Enforceable agreement to refer47

(vii) A formulated dispute48

(b) Other factors which are relevant50

(i) Evidence and contentions50

(ii) The wording of the agreement51

(iii) The choice of tribunal51

(iv) A bilateral right to refer52

(v) Obligation to apply the law52

C Which arbitrations are subject to the Acts?53

Chapter 3 Sources of arbitration law55

A The common law55

B Statute56

1 Scope of the legislation56

2 Commencement of 1979 Act58

C Express agreement58

D Practice of merchants and arbitrators59

Chapter 4 Foreign arbitral law61

A Introduction61

B Foreign procedural law in an arbitration in England61

1 The meaning of the 'curial law'62

2 The status and effect of the arbitration agreement65

3 The conduct of the reference65

4 The legal content of the award68

C English procedural law in an arbitration abroad69

PART Ⅱ THE AGREEMENT TO ARBITRATE71

Chapter 5 Introduction73

Chapter 6 Agreements to refer future disputes75

A Existence of agreement75

1 Existence of underlying contract75

2 Incorporation of agreement to arbitrate75

3 Certainty76

(a) Inconsistent clauses76

(b) Abbreviated clauses76

(c) 'in the usual way'77

4 Arbitration in absence of prior agreement77

B Scope of agreement78

1 Disputes as to the existence of the contract78

(a) Initial existence of the contract78

(b) Continued existence of the contract79

(i) Repudiation80

(ii) Fundamental breach80

(iii) Frustration80

(iv) Termination provisions; conditions precedent81

(v) Misrepresentation and non-disclosure81

2 Illegality81

3 Mistake and duress82

4 Issues as to facts founding the jurisdiction82

5 Rectification83

6 Disputes as to scope of submission83

7 Disputes as to the arbitrator's powers84

8 Fraud85

9 Claims in tort85

10 Variations of the contract86

11 Particular forms of words86

(a) 'Claims'; 'differences'; 'disputes'86

(b) 'in connection with'; 'in relation to'87

(c) 'in respect of; 'with regard to'87

(d) 'arising out of87

(e) 'under'88

(f) 'during the execution of88

12 Clauses of limited scope88

13 Unilateral arbitration clauses89

C Construction of agreement; by what law?89

D 'Disputes' and 'differences'90

1 Introduction90

2 Clauses requiring a 'dispute' or 'difference'90

(a) Undisputed claims90

(b) A genuine dispute91

(c) Disputes arising after appointment of arbitrator93

(d) Amendments93

(i) Amendments by respondent94

(ii) Amendments by claimant94

(e) What is a 'dispute?95

(f) Disputes resolved before award96

(g) 'Differences'97

3 Clauses requiring a 'claim'97

4 Cross-claims in arbitration97

(a) Claim outside clause: cross-claim within clause98

(b) Undisputed claim: cross-claim within clause99

(c) Claim within clause: cross-claim outside clause99

(d) Claim and cross-claim within clause99

Chapter 7 Agreements to refer existing disputes101

A Types of agreement101

1 Express agreements101

2 Implied agreements102

B Special features103

Chapter 8 Arbitration and third parties105

A Claimant not named as a party105

1 Agency: trusts105

2 Succession by operation of law106

3 Novation106

4 Assignment106

B Defendant not named as a party108

Chapter 9 Multiple arbitrations109

A Multiple defendants110

1 Nature of the problem110

2 Solutions110

B Third-party situations111

1 Nature of the problem111

2 Solutions112

(a) Same arbitrator tries both claims112

(b) High Court tries both claims113

(c) String contracts114

(i) Existence of string114

(ii) Failure to cooperate115

(iii) Status of award115

C Costs in multiple arbitrations116

Chapter 10 What matters may be arbitrated117

A General117

B Questions of illegality118

Chapter 11 Capacity of parties119

A Capacity generally119

B Particular cases119

1 The Crown119

2 Trustees and personal representatives119

3 Death119

4 Bankruptcy119

5 Winding-up120

Chapter 12 The residual jurisdiction of the Court121

1 Nature of the Court's residual jurisdiction121

(a) History of the jurisdiction121

(b) The modern rules122

2 Practical applications of the residual jurisdiction123

(a) Proceedings brought in spite of arbitration agreement123

(b) Concurrent proceedings in Court and in arbitration124

(c) Arbitration ineffective124

Chapter 13 Scott v Avery clauses127

A Effect of Scott v Avery clause127

1 Postponement of access to Court127

2 Loss of Scott v Avery rights129

(a) Annulment by Court129

(b) Conduct of defendant130

(c) Cesser of agreement to arbitrate130

B Procedure131

PART Ⅲ BEGINNING AN ARBITRATION133

Chapter 14 Introduction135

Chapter 15 Appointment of arbitrators and umpire137

A Summary137

1 A sole arbitrator137

(a) Appointment by agreement137

(b) Appointment by a third party138

(c) Appointment by the Court in default of agreement138

(d) Appointment by the Court to fill a vacancy138

(e) Appointment in default of appointment of second arbitrator138

(f) Appointment by the Court upon revocation or removal138

(g) Appointment of umpire as sole arbitrator138

2 A tribunal of two arbitrators138

(a) Appointment by the parties139

(b) Appointment by a third party139

(c) Appointment by a party to fill a vacancy139

(d) Appointment by the Court to fill a vacancy139

(e) Appointment by the Court on removal of arbitrator139

3 A tribunal of three arbitrators139

(a) Pre-1979139

(b) Post-1979140

4 A tribunal of more than three arbitrators140

5 An umpire140

B Detailed discussion140

1 A sole arbitrator140

(a) Appointment by agreement141

(b) Appointment by third party142

(c) Appointment by the Court in default of agreement144

(d) Appointment by the Court to fill a vacancy146

(e) Appointment in default of appointment of second arbitrator146

(f) Appointment by the Court upon revocation or removal150

(g) Appointment of umpire as sole arbitrator150

2 A tribunal of two arbitrators151

(a) Appointment by the parties151

(b) Appointment by a third party152

(c) Appointment by a party to fill a vacancy153

(d) Appointment by the Court to fill a vacancy153

(e) Appointment by the Court on removal of arbitrator154

3 A tribunal of three arbitrators154

(a) Defaults in appointment155

(b) Vacancies, revocation and removal155

4 A tribunal of more than three arbitrators156

5 An umpire156

(a) Appointment by arbitrators156

(b) Powers of the Court157

C Method of choosing the arbitrator or umpire158

Chapter 16 Lapse of time159

A Introduction159

1 General159

2 Lapse of time: jurisdiction and defence159

B Barring of claims by statute161

1 Statutory time limits in arbitration161

2 The beginning of the limitation period162

3 Prolongation of time163

4 The commencement of arbitration164

(a) Notice of arbitration: form164

(b) Notice of arbitration: particularity165

(c) Notice of arbitration: service165

C Limitation of time by contract166

1 General166

2 Barring the right and barring the remedy168

3 'Impossible' time limits170

4 Notice of claim171

5 Appointment of arbitrator173

6 Relief from a time-bar173

(a) Conduct of defendant173

(i) Breach of contract173

(ii) Waiver and estoppel174

(b) Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977175

(c) Prolongation of time-limit175

(i) Prolongation by arbitrator175

(ii) Prolongation by the Court176

D New claims181

PART Ⅳ THE ARBITRATOR183

Chapter 17 The rights and duties of the arbitrator185

A The relationship between the parties and the arbitrator185

1 Why does it matter?185

2 Quasi-contract: status or contract?186

(a) Quasi-contract186

(b) Status186

(c) Contract187

B Obligations of the arbitrator to the parties190

1 Duty to take care190

2 Duty to proceed diligently196

3 Duty to act impartially197

C Obligations of the parties to the arbitrator199

1 Remuneration for a completed reference199

(a) Arbitrator199

(b) Umpire199

(c) Enforcement of the right to remuneration200

(i) Lien200

(ii) Action201

(d) Fees of arbitrator/advocate201

(e) The level of remuneration202

(f) Fixing a reasonable fee203

(g) Remedies where fees excessive204

(h) Securing the arbitrator's fee206

2 Remuneration for an uncompleted reference208

(a) Arbitrator not involved in termination208

(b) Arbitrator involved in termination but without fault210

(c) Termination through fault of the arbitrator210

3 Remuneration where the award is invalid210

(a) Reference a nullity210

(b) Award a nullity211

(c) Award remitted211

Chapter 18 Capacity, qualifications, and impartiality of the arbitrator212

A Capacity and qualifications212

1 Capacity to arbitrate212

2 Qualifications required by agreement213

3 Interest and bias214

(a) Antecedent bias215

(b) Partiality in the conduct of the reference218

(i) Impartiality in making procedural decisions218

(ii) Impartiality of expression219

(iii) Personal contacts with the parties219

B Waiver and estoppel220

Chapter 19 The arbitrator advocate: the umpire: disagreement222

A The arbitrator/advocate: general222

B The position before disagreement223

C Disagreement226

D The position after disagreement227

Chapter 20 Judicial arbitrators229

A Judge-arbitrator229

1 Appointment of a commercial judge as arbitrator or umpire229

2 Judicial arbitration compared with other proceedings230

3 Allocation of procedural powers231

4 Suggested procedure for commencing judicial arbitrations234

B Official referee235

1 History235

2 Official referee as arbitrator236

3 Merits of arbitration by official referee237

C County Court arbitration238

PART Ⅴ THE CONDUCT OF THE REFERENCE239

Chapter 21 Procedural powers and duties241

A Absence of uniform procedure241

B Ascertainment of the procedure to be followed242

1 Express agreement on procedure243

2 Agreement implied from conduct245

3 Public policy245

4 Implied agreement on procedure248

(a) Express terms of agreement249

(b) Language of agreement249

(c) Subject matter of underlying contract249

(d) Nature of dispute250

(e) Identity of tribunal250

(f) Natural justice250

5 Procedure in the absence of agreement250

6 Attitude of the Court to informal arbitrations251

7 Alterations in procedure253

C The powers of the arbitrator254

1 Express powers254

2 Implied powers255

(a) Power to take evidence on oath255

(b) Powers relating to the production of documents256

(c) General statutory powers256

(d) 'Subject to any legal objection'256

3 Powers at common law256

4 Supplementary powers of the Court258

D Disputes on procedure259

Chapter 22 A fair trial261

A Introduction261

B Dispensing with a hearing262

C The hearing: minimum requirement263

1 Notice of hearing264

2 Opportunity to attend265

3 Right to be present throughout the hearing265

4 Opportunity to present argument and evidence266

(a) Argument266

(b) Evidence267

5 Opportunity to controvert opponent's case269

(a) Hearing evidence in absence of party269

(b) Hearing argument in absence of party270

(c) Hearing evidence in the absence of both parties271

(d) Communicating opponent's case272

6 Oral hearing exhaustive of evidence and argument273

Chapter 23 The course of the reference: part one274

A Stages of the reference: summary274

B Detailed discussion275

1 Fixing the procedure275

2 Defining the issues278

(a) Reasons for defining the issues278

(b) Methods of defining the issues279

(i) Pleadings279

(ii) Written statements of case282

(iii) Letters of claim and defence282

(iv) Oral elucidation of issues282

3 Production and preparation of documents283

(a) The two types of discovery284

(b) Discovery in arbitrations285

(c) Inspection286

(d) Preparation of documents for the hearing287

4 Interim protection orders288

(a) Interim orders relating to property: general288

(b) Safeguarding the subject matter of the dispute289

(i) Interlocutory injunction to protect property290

(ii) Appointment of receiver291

(iii) Detention, custody and preservation291

(iv) Securing the sum in dispute292

(c) Protection of property for evidentiary purposes292

(i) Examination by the arbitrator and his delegates293

(ii) Examination by the parties and their delegates294

(iii) Order facilitating examination294

(iv) Orders for inspection before reference295

5 Order for security295

(a) Security for costs295

(b) Security for claims297

(i) Interim protection order298

(ii) Arrest of ship298

(iii) Mareva injunction300

(iv) Procedural 'orders nisi'301

6 Arranging the hearing302

Chapter 24 The course of the reference: part two304

7 Investigation of facts and law: the hearing304

(a) Failure to appear at the hearing304

(b) Order of proceedings305

(i) The usual order of proceedings305

(ii) Evidence and arguments in rebuttal306

(iii) Intervention by the arbitrator307

(iv) 'Stopping counsel'307

(v) Reading the documents308

(c) Attendance of witnesses308

(d) Evidence on oath309

(e) Refusal to answer questions310

(f) Relaxation of strict rules of evidence310

(g) Admissibility of evidence312

(i) Authenticity and admissibility of documents distinguished312

(ii) Hearsay evidence: statements in documents313

(iii) Expert evidence314

(h) Fresh evidence315

(i) Notes of proceedings315

(i) Arbitrator's notes315

(ii) Shorthand note316

(j) Foreign law316

(i) The choice of proper law317

(ii) Issues governed by the proper law318

(iii) Proof of foreign law318

(k) EEC law319

8 The decision320

(a) Consulting third parties320

(b) Delegating the working out of the award321

(c) Arbitrator using own knowledge321

(d) Arbitrators acting together322

9 The award323

10 Appeal procedures323

PART Ⅵ THE AWARD329

Chapter 25 Types of award331

A Interim or final331

B Awards giving recourse to the Court on a question of law332

1 Arbitrations under the 1979 Act332

(a) Reasoned award332

(b) Preliminary question of law333

2 Arbitrations not under the 1979 Act333

(a) General333

(b) Choice of award334

Chapter 26 Form and contents of award337

A Formal requirements337

1 Writing and signature337

2 Parties337

3 Recitals337

4 Date338

5 Publication338

6 Stamp338

B Substantive requirements338

1 Cogency339

2 Completeness339

3 Certainty340

4 Finality341

5 Enforceability342

C Reasons343

D Relief and remedies343

1 Awards for the payment of money343

2 Specific performance344

3 Injunction344

4 Declaratory relief344

5 Indemnity345

6 Interest345

7 Dissolution of partnership347

E Costs347

1 The arbitrator's discretion as to costs347

(a) Matters justifying a departure from the general rule348

(b) Matters not justifying a departure from the general rule349

2 Judicial control over the award of costs350

3 Costs of award and costs of reference352

4 Costs in special case352

5 Costs of interim award and consultative case353

6 Failure to deal with costs in award353

7 Interlocutory costs353

8 Scale of costs354

9 Taxation of costs354

Chapter 27 The effect of a valid award356

A General356

B The effect of a valid award on the arbitrator356

1 'Functus officio'356

2 Section 17 ('the slip rule')357

3 Sub-section 18(4)359

C The effect of a valid award on the parties360

1 Fresh right of action360

2 The award as a bar to further proceedings361

(a) Award of damages361

(b) Award of debt362

(c) Declaration362

(d) Action in rem362

(e) The rule in Conquer v Boot362

3 The award as conclusive of issues of fact and law364

D The effect of an award on third parties364

E Awards of foreign arbitrators365

Chapter 28 Enforcement of the award367

A Introduction367

B Obtaining a judgment or order367

1 Action on the award368

2 Application under section 26 of 1950 Act369

3 Practice371

C Enforcing awards of foreign arbitrators372

1 Enforcement at common law by action or under section 26374

2 Enforcement of 'Convention awards'375

3 Enforcement of 'foreign awards'376

D Disciplinary action by trade associations378

PART Ⅶ PROBLEMS AND REMEDIES379

Chapter 29 Judicial control: a historical survey381

A Introduction381

B Three methods of private arbitration382

C The position before the Act of 1698384

1 Enforcement384

2 Judicial intervention in the reference385

3 Mistake of law386

D 1698 to 1854386

1 Enforcement of the agreement to arbitrate386

2 Judicial intervention in the reference386

(i) Submissions by rule of court in a pending action387

(ii) Submissions out of court made a rule of court under the 1698 Act387

(iii) Submissions out of court, not made a rule of court under the Act388

3 Mistake of law389

E 1854 to 1889390

1 The move towards reform390

2 Enforcement of the agreement to arbitrate392

3 Judicial intervention in the reference393

4 Mistake of law393

F 1889 to 1979394

1 The Acts of 1889, 1934 and 1950394

2 Enforcement of the agreement to arbitrate395

3 Judicial intervention in the reference396

4 Mistake of law398

G 1979 and after399

1 The beginning of 1979399

(a) Judicial control over procedure399

(b) Judicial control over errors of law399

(c) Summary400

2 Developments in 1979401

(a) Judicial policy401

(b) Origins of the 1979 Act402

Chapter 30 Court proceedings wrongly brought409

A Proceedings in breach of agreement to arbitrate409

1 Injunction to restrain proceedings410

2 Damages411

3 Stay under the inherent jurisdiction411

4 Compulsory stay: non-domestic arbitration412

(a) Pre-requisites of a compulsory stay413

(b) Circumstances precluding compulsory stay414

(i) 'Null and void, inoperative, or incapable of being performed'414

(ii) 'Not in fact any dispute'415

(c) Removing the stay416

5 Discretionary stay: domestic arbitration416

(a) Arbitration agreement417

(b) (i) Legal proceedings commenced in any court419

(b) (ii) Matters agreed to be referred419

(b) (iii) The plaintiff as a party to the agreement420

(c) (i) and (ii) The identity of the applicant421

(c) (iii) 'Step in the proceedings'421

(d) (i) 'ready and willing423

(d) (ii) 'No sufficient reason'424

(e) The discretion425

(i) General425

(ii) Focus material to the discretion425

(a) Delay426

(b) Issues of law426

(c) Multiplicity of proceedings427

(d) Allegations of impropriety428

(e) Identity of arbitrator429

(f) Scott v Avery clause430

(g) Expense431

(h) Exclusion of legal representation431

(iii) The terms of the stay431

6 Inter-pleader proceedings432

B Loss of the right to arbitrate433

Chapter 31 Hopeless claims and defences435

A The abuses435

B Relevant principles436

C Hopeless claims436

1 Defects in law437

(a) Intervention by the Court437

(b) Powers of the arbitrator438

2 Defects in fact439

D Hopeless defences440

Chapter 32 Remedies available during the reference444

A Introduction444

B The repetory: summary444

1 Remedies possessed by the Court444

(a) Directed towards the agreement to arbitrate444

(b) Directed towards the parties444

(c) Directed towards the arbitrator445

(d) Directed towards a future arbitrator445

2 Remedies possessed by the arbitrator445

C The repertory: detailed discussion445

1 Remedies possessed by the Court445

(a) Directed towards the agreement to arbitrate445

(i) Revocation of the agreement to arbitrate445

The general power: section 25(2)(b)446

The specific power: section 24(2)448

(a) 'An agreement'448

(b) 'which may arise in the future between them'448

(c) 'guilty of fraud'448

(d) 'shall have power'449

(e) 'so far as may be necessary'449

(f) 'shall cease to have effect'449

(ii) Termination at common law450

The Bremer Vulcan case451

Repudiation454

Frustration455

Supervening illegality457

Termination by consent457

Abandonment458

Affirmation, waiver and estoppel458

Effect of termination459

Procedure460

(iii) Annulment of Scott v Avery clause461

(iv) Refusal to stay action461

(b) Remedies directed towards the parties462

(i) Injunction to restrain further proceedings462

(ii) Damages467

(iii) Declaratory relief468

(c) Remedies directed towards the arbitrator469

(i) Revocation of authority of arbitrator469

(ii) Removal of arbitrator473

(iii) Replacement of arbitrator476

(iv) Injunction477

(v) Declaration as to status of the arbitrator477

(vi) Preliminary question on arbitrator's powers478

(d) Declaration as to status of future award478

2 Remedies of the arbitrator: default proceedings479

(a) General479

(i) Total default479

Arbitrator's powers at common law480

Arbitrator's powers under section 5 of the 1979 Act482

(ii) Partial default485

D Situations and remedies: summary486

Total breakdown of arbitration, for any reason487

Prolonged inactivity by claimant487

Prolonged inactivity by the respondent487

Refusal by either party to comply with procedural obligations487

Prolonged inactivity by the arbitrator487

Serious mishandling of the reference488

Lack of impartiality488

Refusal to act, incapacity or death of the arbitrator488

Jurisdictional problems488

Problems as to the arbitrator's powers488

Chapter 33 Remedies available after the reference489

A Passive remedies489

B Active remedies490

1 Setting aside and remission490

(a) Setting aside491

(b) Remission491

2 The jurisdiction to remit491

3 Grounds for setting aside or remitting493

(a) Misconduct494

(b) Error on the face of the award496

(c) Excess of jurisdiction497

(d) Patent defects in the award499

(e) Misunderstandings502

(f) Mistakes by the arbitrator503

(g) Fresh evidence505

4 Choice of setting aside or remission505

5 The effect of setting aside and remission507

6 Procedure for setting aside and remission509

7 Declaration of invalidity of award510

8 Injunction to restrain enforcement of award511

C The benevolent interpretation of awards511

Chapter 34 Questions of jurisdiction513

A Injunction to restrain arbitration513

B Declaratory relief514

C Arbitrator invoking the decision of the Court515

D Arbitrator investigating his own jurisdiction516

E Objections after publication of the award518

Chapter 35 Waiver521

A Waiver generally521

B What may be waived521

C Dealing with irregularities523

Chapter 36 Appeals525

A Introduction525

1 The old system526

2 The new system527

B RSC Order 55529

C The nature of the appeal531

1 The old system531

(a) Extent of duty to hear appeals531

(b) Types of reviewable issues532

(i) Conclusions of law532

(ii) 'Primary'findings of fact532

(iii) 'Secondary' findings of fact533

(iv) Mixed conclusions of fact and law533

(c) Nature of the review534

2 The new system534

(a) The Nema535

(i) Conclusions of law538

(ii) and (iii) 'Primary' and 'secondary' findings of fact539

(iv) Mixed conclusions of fact and law540

(b) The new system compared with 'error on the face'540

(c) Finding of fact made without evidence541

D Reasons541

1 Introduction541

2 The legislation543

3 The duty to give reasons544

(a) No reasons given544

(b) Reasons given voluntarily545

(c) Reasons given pursuant to a request545

(d) Reasons for part of the award548

(e) Reasons given pursuant to an order548

4 What are reasons?552

5 Inferences of fact554

E Leave to appeal555

1 Introduction555

2 The Nema guidelines: a new philosophy556

3 The Nema guidelines in practice559

4 Application for leave to appeal563

5 Citation of awards565

6 Citation of decisions on leave to appeal566

7 Enforcement of award pending appeal567

(a) The old system567

(b) The new system568

8 Conditions on leave to appeal570

(a) Security for costs570

(b) Security for the amount of the award570

(c) Limiting the scope of the appeal571

(d) Costs571

F Orders on appeal571

1 Confirming the award572

2 Varying the award572

3 Setting aside573

4 Remission573

G Preliminary questions of law575

1 The old system575

2 The new system576

(a) Interim award577

(b) Determination of question of law under section 2577

(i) First stage: the decision to invoke section 2577

(ii) Second stage: the application578

(iii) Third stage: the decision to entertain the application578

Application by consent of arbitrator or umpire579

Applications with the consent of all the parties581

(iv) Fourth stage: the discretion581

(v) Fifth stage: the decision582

H Leave to appeal to the Court of Appeal582

1 The old system582

2 The new system583

(a) Appeals on questions of law583

(i) The certificate584

(ii) Leave to appeal586

(b) Appeals on procedural matters586

I Exclusion agreements587

1 Domestic and non-domestic agreements587

2 'Special category' disputes588

3 The terms of an exclusion agreement590

Chapter 37 Procedures not by way of appeal592

A Judicial control otherwise than by appeal592

B The duty to apply the law594

C Possible methods of recourse597

1 Jurisdiction597

2 Remission600

3 Intervention in equity600

4 Renunciation of mandate601

5 Removal of the arbitrator601

6 Judicial review602

7 Misconduct602

D 'Equity' clauses: amiable composition605

1 The meaning of the clause606

2 The duty of the arbitrator613

3 The effect on the contract613

4 The clause and the arbitration615

5 Methods of appeal616

Appendices621

Appendix 1 Legislation affecting arbitration621

PART 1. CURRENT LEGISLATION623

Arbitration Act 1950623

Administration of Justice Act 1970, s. 4 and Sch. 3647

Arbitration Act 1975650

Arbitration Act 1979654

Arbitration Act 1979 (Commencement) Order 1979660

Arbitration (Commodity Contracts) Order 1979660

Limitation Act 1980, s. 34662

Supreme Court Act 1981, s. 18663

Rules of Supreme Court, Ord. 73663

PART 2. STATUTES NO LONGER IN FORCE669

Arbitration Act 1698669

Civil Procedure Act 1833, ss. 39, 40670

Common Law Procedure Act 1854, ss. 3-17671

Supreme Court of Judicature Act 1884, s. 11675

Arbitration Act 1889, ss. 1-12, 18-30, Schs. 1, 2675

Administration of Justice Act 1920, s. 16681

Arbitration Clauses (Protocol) Act 1924, ss. 1,2681

Arbitration (Foreign Awards) Act 1930, ss. 8, 9682

Arbitration Act 1934, ss. 1-21, Schs. 1-3683

Appendix 2 Convention on the recognition and enforcement of foreign arbitral awards. Done at New York, on 10 June 1958689

Appendix 3 Special case694

A Duty to state a case694

B Fetters on the special case procedure696

C Drafting the special case698

1 Formulating the question of law698

2 Finding the facts699

3 Contentions700

4 Decision and alternative award700

D Procedure on hearing of special case701

1 Setting down and argument701

2 Concurrent motion to remit or set aside the award702

3 Powers of Court on hearing of special case702

4 Appeal to Court of Appeal702

5 Inferences and remission for further findings702

Appendix 4 'Manifest disregard' under United States law704

Appendix 5 Fact and law707

1 Findings of fact707

2 Mixed conclusions of fact and law708

3 Conclusions of law709

Index711