《INTERNATIONAL STRAITS OF THE WORLD THE STRIT OF GIBRALTAR AND THE MEDITERRANEAN》

1.Legal Passage through International Straits1

The Strait of Gibraltar3

Political and Economic Interests6

The Third United Nations Law of the Sea Conference10

2.The Mediterranean Sea12

Physical Environment12

Geography of the Region14

Structure of the Mediterranean Basins16

Global Tectonics25

The Dynamics of the Sea27

Marine Life37

3.Seapower39

International Shipping and Trade39

Flow of Commodities through the Strait45

U.S.Trade through the Strait50

The Strait of Gibraltar and World Trade58

The Suez Canal,Gibraltar,and the Oil Trade62

Naval Power71

The New Military Environment81

Legal Constraints on Seapower84

4.Marine Pollution95

Effects of Oil97

Oil Pollution in the Mediterranean101

Vessel-Source Oil Pollution Control111

Coastal State Measures123

Regional Measures--Law of the Sea Conference128

5.Passage Through the Strait of Gibraltar143

Freedom of the High Seas143

Definitions of International Straits148

The Legal Regime of International Straits152

The Legal Regime of the Gibraltar Strait159

Controversy Over Passage168

Internationalizing the Strait175

Customary Law and the Future Regime181

6.The Third United Nations Law of the Sea Conference184

American Policy on Straits185

Soviet Policy on Straits191

Policy of the Strait States192

Transit Passage through the Strait199

U.S.Options for Straits Passage207

7.A Compromise of Wills212

New Strategies for American Ocean Policy213

Alternative Policies for the Strait216

Chapter Notes221

Documentary Appendices246

Index262