《THE PURSUIT OF NATIONALIZED PROPERTY》求取 ⇩

CHAPTER ONE：The Changing Basis of the International Law on Nationalization2

1．Changes Within the International Order2

（ⅰ）Impact of the Newly Independent States3

（ⅱ）Change in Values7

（ⅲ）Impact of Idealistic Movements9

（ⅳ）Conclusion10

2．Changes Affecting State Responsibility for Nationalization of Alien Property10

（ⅰ）The Traditional Law10

（ⅱ）Changes affecting State Responsibility for Nationalization13

（ⅲ）The Growth of an International Law of Development14

（ⅳ）An International Right to Development21

3．The Role of Justice and Morality24

4．The Changing Philosophy of Contract and Property26

（ⅰ）The Sanctity of Property28

（ⅱ）The Sanctity of Contract28

5．Efforts at Preserving the Old Norms of State Responsibility for Expropriation29

（ⅰ）State Responsibility and Human Rights29

（ⅱ）The Right to Property and State Responsibility32

（ⅲ）Bilateral Investment Treaties35

（ⅳ）Subrogation41

6．The Multinational Corporation as the Investor41

（ⅰ）The Neo-classical Economic Theories of Foreign Investment42

（ⅱ）The Rejection of the Neo-classical Theory of Foreign Investment44

（ⅲ）Abuses by Multinational Corporations45

7．The Regulation of Multinational Corporations47

（ⅰ）Codes of Conduct for Multinational Corporations48

（ⅱ）Code on Restrictive Business Practices48

（ⅲ）Code on Transfer of Technology49

（ⅳ）Legal Effect of the Codes49

8．The Responsibility of Home States and Diplomatic Protection51

9．Reasons for Nationalization53

（ⅰ）Changing Reasons for Nationalizations54

（ⅱ）The Dependencia School54

10．Institutionalized Arbitration of Investment Disputes56

（ⅰ）The Court of Arbitration of the International Court of Commerce58

（ⅱ）The American Arbitration Association59

（ⅲ）The Inter-American Commercial Arbitration Commission59

（ⅳ）The International Centre for the Settlement of Investment disputes60

CHAPTER TWO：Nationalizations in Breach of"International" Contracts81

1．The Internationalization of Investment Agreements81

（ⅰ）Types of Investment Agreements81

（ⅱ）Policy Arguments for Internationalization of State Contracts86

（ⅲ）Criticisms of the Policy Justifications for Internationalization of State Contracts88

2．Legal Arguments in Favour of Internationalization of State Contracts90

（ⅰ）The"Stabilization Clause"91

（ⅱ）Assimilation of the Argreement to Treaties94

（ⅲ）The Arbitration Clause95

（ⅳ）Efforts at Creating Permanent Arbitration Tribunals96

（ⅴ）Ad Hoc Arbitral Tribunals97

（ⅵ）Effect of Arbitration Clauses98

（ⅶ）Choice of Law100

（ⅷ）Conclusion103

3．Arguments Against Internationalization of State Contracts103

（ⅰ）Positivism and Personality105

（ⅱ）A Breach of a Foreign Investment Agreement is not per se a Violation of International Law106

4．Trends in Favour of Internationalization108

（ⅰ）Pacta Sunt Servanda108

（ⅱ）Acquired Rights112

（ⅲ）rbitral Awards and Doctrinal Views113

5．Trends Against Internationalization119

（ⅰ）Permanent Sovereignty over Natural Resources120

（ⅱ）Administrative Contracts130

（ⅲ）Clausula Rebus Sic Stantibus133

（ⅳ）The Calvo Clause135

（ⅴ）Conclusion137

6．Remedies138

（ⅰ）Restitutio in Integrum140

（ⅱ）Declaration147

（ⅲ）Damages147

7．Internationalization and Institutionalized Arbitration147

8．Alternatives to the Theory of Internationalization152

CHAPTER THREE：The Legality of Nationalization of Foreign Property168

1．The Legality of Nationalizations168

（ⅰ）Renunciation of the Right by Treaty169

（ⅱ）Acts of Nationalization171

2．The Illegality of Nationalizations173

（ⅰ）Public Purpose174

（ⅱ）Reprisal and the Public Purpose Requirement176

（ⅲ）Discrimination183

（ⅳ）Conclusion187

3．Compensation for Nationalization188

（ⅰ）Policy Considerations189

（ⅱ）Authorities Supporting "Prompt, Adequate and Effective" Compensation193

4．The Continuing Vitality of the Norm of Full Compensation210

（ⅰ）Unjust Enrichment210

（ⅱ）The Theory of Acquired Rights212

（ⅲ）Restitutio in Integrum213

（ⅳ）Conclusion213

5．The Emergence of New Norms214

（ⅰ）Lump Sum Agreements214

（ⅱ）Claim that it is Permissible to Deduct Excess Profits from Compensation217

（ⅲ）Claim that the Taking is a"Revindication" for which No Compensation is Necessary219

（ⅳ）Claim that some Appropriate Compensation should be Paid222

（ⅴ）Conclusion225

6．Conclusion225

CHAPTER FOUR：The Role of Domestic Courts in the Pursuit of Nationalized Property242

1．Policy Considerations242

（ⅰ）The Extraterritorial Application of Antitrust Laws245

（ⅱ）Nationalization Decrees and Political Conflict249

（ⅲ）Role of the Executive250

（ⅳ）Domestic Courts and Economic Coercion251

（ⅴ）Conclusion251

2．Sovereign Immunity253

（ⅰ）Legislation on Sovereign Immunity253

（ⅱ）The Nature and Purpose Tests255

（ⅲ）Sovereign Immunity and Nationalizations259

（ⅳ）Execution of Arbitral Awards274

（ⅴ）Conclusion278

3．The Act of State Doctrine278

（ⅰ）Sovereign Immunity and the Act of State278

（ⅱ）The Rationale of the Act of State Doctrine278

（ⅲ）Nationalization Decrees and the Act of State Doctrine282

（ⅳ）Restrictions on the Rule in Sabbatino284

4．Foreign Nationalization Decrees before European Courts291

（ⅰ）English Law291

（ⅱ）German Law295

（ⅲ）Dutch Law296

（ⅳ）French Law296

（ⅴ）Other Jurisdictions298

5．The Role of Permanent Sovereignty over Natural Resources299

6．Conclusion300

CHAPTER FIVE：Towards Compromise Appendices321

Table of Cases337

Documents341

Bibliography343

Index353