《CONSEQUENCES OF NON-AGREEMENT AT THE THIRD U.N.LAW OF THE SEA CONFERENCE》求取 ⇩

Ⅰ.Introduction1

A.The Issue1

B."Consequences"3

1."Consequences" as Compared to What?3

2."Consequences" for Whom?4

3."Consequences" of the Process of Law Making5

4."Consequences" of What?10

Ⅱ.Outcomes Other Than a Timely,Widely Accepted,and Comprehensive Treaty11

A.Complete Absence of a Treaty11

B.Conference Continuation,but without Treaty11

C.Agreement on Some but Not All Issues12

D.An Unacceptable Agreement12

E.An Inadequate Agreement13

F.Resolution or Declaration of Principles14

G.Framework Agreement14

Ⅲ.Possible Initial National Actions17

A.Some Possibilities for Initial Action17

1.Coastal State Claims17

a.Extension of Territorial Waters17

b.Extension of Article 24 Contiguous Zones18

c.Extension of Natural Resource and Other Forms of Jurisdiction18

d."Historic Waters" Claims19

e.Straits Passage Regulations Claims19

f.Unreasonable Seaward Extension of Baselines19

g.Establishment of Mandatory Sealanes20

h.Emplacement of Mines20

2.Coastal or Landlocked State Actions20

a.Initiation of Seabed Mining20

b.Forcible Reaction to Other Nations' Claims21

3.Multi-State Claims and Acts21

a.Establishment of Zones of Peace and Security21

b.Fishing Agreements21

c.Seabed Mining Agreements22

d.Closed Sea Claims22

4.Enforcement of Claims or Acts22

B.Expected Degree of Initial National Action23

1.Absence of an Alternative to Order23

2.Historical Analysis27

Ⅳ.Some Specific Problem Areas:The Consequences of Non-Agreement33

A.Deep Seabed Mineral Mining33

1.Continuation of Operations33

2.Legal Challenges34

3.Political Challenges35

4.Enactment of Municipal Legislation by Developed Nations;Concordant Practice;Developed Nation Treaty37

5.A Group of 77 Treaty37

6.Conclusions40

B.Fisheries42

1.Exclusive Fishing Zone Claims;Responses43

a.Abandonment;.Displacement43

b.Negotiated Access44

c.Legal Conflict44

d.Economic Retaliation45

2.Consequences for Existing Arrangements47

C.Navigation48

1.Extension of Territorial Seas to Twelve Miles48

2.Straits49

3.Navigation in Economic Zones52

4.Effects on Anti-Submarine Warfare Programs54

D.Scientific Research55

E.Protection of the Marine Environment57

F.Continental Margin Petroleum and Natural Gas Production59

V.Conclusions61