《INTERNATIONAL REGULATION OF WHALING：FROM CONSERVATION OF WHALING TO CONSERVATION OF WHALES AND REGUL》求取 ⇩

Chapter ⅫFROM CONSUMPTIVE TO NON-CONSUMPTIVE USES OF CETACEANS:DEVELOPMENTS IN INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL LAW AND IWC PRACTICE IN THE 1980s575

Introduction575

Part I:Development Under Related International Conventions576

1.CITES:The 1981 and 1982 Meetings576

(i)Third Meeting,New Delhi,1981576

(ii) Fourth Meeting,Gaborone,1983576

2.CCAMLR577

(i)Hobart Preparatory Meeting,1981577

(ii) First Meeting of CCAMLR Commission,Hobart,1982578

(iii) IWC-CCAMLR:Inter-Secretariat Discussions,1982580

3.Other Conventions581

4.European Community Measures581

(i)Regulation on Common Rules for Imports of Whales and Other Cetacean Products 1981582

(ii) Regulation on the Implementation in the Community of CITES 1982583

5.Conclusion of the Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea(UNCLOS Ⅲ):Law of the Sea Convention,1982585

(i)Conclusion of UNCLOS Ⅲ585

(ii) The EEC Problem587

(iii) US Presidential Proclamation of a 200 mile EEZ,1983588

(iv) Conservation of Living Resources in the EEZ:problems of common stocks589

(v) Highly Migratory Species592

(vi) Marine Mammals593

6.World Conservation Strategy,1980598

7.World Charter for Nature,1982599

Part Ⅱ:IWC Meetings:1980-1983600

1.Thirty-Second Meeting,1980600

(i)USSR orca take601

(ii)Proposed Moratoria602

(a) A Worldwide Moratorium602

(b) Moratorium on Commercial Whaling602

(c) Moratorium on Sperm Whaling603

(iii)Quotas603

(a) Main stocks603

(b) Bering Sea Bowhead Stocks604

(iv) Small Cetaceans:200 mile FZs:Revision of the ICRW605

(v)Other Items606

(a) The Cold Harpoon606

(b) Data Supply606

(c) Enforcement607

(d) Budget607

(e) Habitats607

Conclusion608

2.Thirty-Third Meeting,Brighton,1981608

(i)Moratoria609

(a) An Indefinite Global Moratorium609

(b) Indefinite Moratorium in the North Atlantic610

(c) Indefinite Moratorium on Pelagic Whaling for Minke After the 1983-84 Season610

(d) Indefinite Moratorium on Sperm Whaling610

(e) Worldwide Phase-out of Commercial Whaling610

(ii)Quotas611

(a) Main stocks611

(b) Fin Whales611

(c) Sperm Whales611

(d) Bering Sea Bowheads611

(e) Other stocks611

(f) Total Quotas612

(iii) The Cold Harpoon612

(iv) Revision of the ICRW612

(v) Other Issues612

Conclusion613

3.Thirty-Fourth Meeting,Brighton,1982613

(i)Cessation of all Commercial Whaling614

(a) Scientific basis615

(b) Jurisdictional issues:The EEZ618

(ii)Quotas619

(a) Stocks other than aborigine take619

(b) Bering Sea Bowhead Stock619

(c) Subsistence whaling620

(iii) Small Cetaceans620

(iv) Protection of Cetacean Habitats621

(v) Humane Killing622

(vi) Whale Sanctuaries622

(vii) Other Issues623

Conclusion624

4.Thirty-Fifth Meeting,Brighton,1983624

(i)Position of Objectors to the Commercial Moratorium and the Ban on the Use of the Cold Harpoon625

(ii)Quotas628

(a) North East Atlantic Minke Whales628

(b) Bering Sea Bowheads629

(c) Total Quotas629

(iii) Small Cetaceans:Baird's Beaked Whales630

(iv) Non-Consumptive Utilisation of Cetaceans631

Conclusion633

Chapter ⅩⅢEPILOGUE:FROM REGULATION OF WHALING TO REGULATION OF WHALE WATCHING?635

Introduction635

1.The Reasons for the Changes in IWC Practice637

(a)The Scientific Basis for Conservation637

(b) Economic Factors638

(c) Trade Sanctions639

(d) IGO and NGO Actions639

2.Further Actions Required to Ensure Sustained Conservation of Cetaceans641

(i)Continuance of the IWC641

(ii)Enhancement of the Legal Status of Cetaceans642

(a) Applications of Articles 65 and 120 of the LOS Convention 1982645

(b) UN Action:General Assembly Resolution646

(iii)A New Organizational Strategy646

(a) Scientific co-operation647

(b) Co-ordination of measures under existing agreements647

(c) Improved enforcement649

(d) International supervision of marine mammal management651

3.Application of the ICRW to Non-Consumptive Utilization of Cetaceans653

(i)Continuation of the IWC Following Zero Quotas653

(ii) Application of the ICRW to Non-Consumptive Uses656

(a) The Legal Problem656

(b) The Practical Problems658

DOCUMENTS663

1.The Species of Whales663

1.1.List of Species(IWC Fact Sheet)665

1.2.List of Smaller Cetaceans Recognised,Rep IWC 27667

1.3.Summary of Threatened species;Draft Global Plan of Action for the Conservation,Management and Utilization of Marine Mammals(FAO/UNEP Project No.0502-78/02,FAO,Rome,1981)1669

1.4.Relative sizes of the great whales(World Society for The Protection of Animals,106,Jermyn St.,London,S.W.17.6EE,U.K.)670

1.5.The Lives of The Great Whales(IWC Fact Sheet)671

2.The First Marine Mammal Conservation Treaty673

2.1.North Pacific Fur Seal Convention,1911(British and Foreign State Papers(1911)675

3.League of Nations Convention679

3.1.International Whaling Convention,Geneva,1931(LNTS CLU,No.3586)2681

4.International Convention for The Regulation of Whaling and Relative Documents687

4.1.International Convention for The Regulation of Whaling 1946,161 UNTS No.2124.(copy supplied by IWC)3689

4.2.Final Act of The Washington Conference 1946(excerpts supplied by IWC)695

4.3.List of Nomenclature attached to The Final Act701

4.4.Protocol to Convention for the Regulation of Whaling 1956.338 UNTS.(copy supplied by IWC)4703

4.5.List of Members of The International Whaling Commission,at June 1983(supplied by IWC)705

4.6.Schedule to The International Convention for The Regulation of Whaling,November 1983(supplied by IWC)706

4.7.International Whaling Commission Rules of Procedure and Financial Regulations,July 1983(supplied by IWC)725

4.8.International Whaling Commission(Immunity and Privileges)Order 1975,(S.I.No.1210(1975);HMSO,U.K.)739

4.9.Report of The Preparatory Meeting to Improve and Update The International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling,1946;Reykjavik,6-9 May,1981(IWC/33/20)5744

4.10.Provisional List of Participants attending 35th Meeting of The International Whaling Commission(IWC/35/3)750

4.11.Agenda for First Meeting of The International Whaling Commission,London 1949(Rep.IWC I(1950)759

4.12.Provisional Agenda of 35th Meeting of The International Whaling Commission 1983(IWC/35/2)760

4.13.States of the ICRW at July 1983(supplied by IWC)766

5.Selected Recent Resolutions and Other Actions Adopted by The International Whaling Commission773

5.1.Resolutions of IWC 28th Annual Meeting,1976.(Re.IWC.27(1977))775

5.1.1.Prohibition of Transfer of Vessels,Equipment and Assistance775

5.1.2.Bowhead Whales775

5.1.3.Gray Whales775

5.2.Resolutions etc.of 29th Annual Meetings,1977(Rep.IWC 28(1978))776

5.2.1.Right Whales at Madeira,Portugal(a non-IWC member) Cp.30776

5.2.2.Reporting requirements for small-type whaling776

5.2.3.Prevention of importation of whale products777

5.2.4.Prevention of transfer of whaling vessels etc777

5.2.5.Admission of Observers and The Press to Commission Meetings(Schedule Amendments)778

5.2.6.New formula for contributions by Contributing Governments779

5.3.Resolutions etc.of 30th Annual Meeting,1978(Rep.IWC.29(1979))779

5.3.1.Non-member Whaling Countries780

5.3.2.Reporting data relative to humane killing780

5.3.3.Amendment adopted at 30th Annual Meeting to Rules of Procedure concerning admission of accredited observers780

5.4.Resolutions of IWC Special Meeting,December 1978(Rep.IWC 29(1979),Rept.of Special Meeting,Tokyo,December 1978)781

5.4.1.TO CITES(Convention on Trade in Endangered Species)781

5.4.2.On Importation of whale products from non IWC member countries781

5.4.3.Transfer of whaling equipment and expertise etc782

5.4.4.Adherence of Peru to The International Convention for the Regulation of whaling,1946782

5.5.Resolutions and Recommendations at 31st Annual Meeting(Rep.IWC.30(1980))783

5.5.1.To consider The Implications for Whales of Management Regimes for Other Marine Resources783

5.5.2.In relation to The establishment of a whale sanctuary in The Indian Ocean783

5.5.3.On Bering Sea Bowhead Whales784

5.5.4.Importation of whale products from,Export of Equipment to,and Prohibition of Whaling by nonmember countries785

5.5.5.A world-wide ban on whaling785

5.5.6.Humane killing of whales786

5.5.7.New Observer Schemes787

5.6.Resolutions adopted at 32nd Annual Meeting 1980:(Re.IWC 31(1981))787

5.6.1.On Documentation of Aboriginal Need787

5.6.2.On Co-operation and Co-ordination between the IWC and The Proposed Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources788

5.6.3.Aimed at Discouraging Whaling Operations outside IWC.Regulations788

5.6.4.Establishing a working Group on Non-IWC Whaling789

5.6.5.Concerning Extension of the Commissions Responsibility for Small Cetaceans789

5.6.6.On an International Whale Research Centre790

5.6.7.On Preservation of The Habitat of Whales and The Marine Environment791

5.6.8.To ban The Use of the Cold Grenade Harpoon for the killing of Minke Whales from the 1981/82 and 1982 Whaling Season791

5.6.9.Recommendations from The Working Group on the Implications for Whales of Management Regimes for Other Marine Resources791

5.7.Resolutions adopted at the 33rd Annual Meeting 1981(Rep.IWC 32(1982))792

5.7.1.On Developing Revised Management Procedures792

5.7.2.On Communication between The IWC and the Indian Ocean Coastal States792

5.7.3.To the Government of the United States on the Bering Sea Bowhead Whale792

5.7.4.Concerning White Whales and Narwhales793

5.7.5.To Implement Recommendations of the Technical Committee Working Group on Non-IWC Whaling793

5.7.6.Relating to Pollutants in Whales794

5.7.7.Adoption for New Method of Calculating Financial Contributions794

5.8.Resolutions adopted at 34th Annual Meeting 1982(Rep.IWC 33(1983))794

5.8.1.Concerning Aboriginal Subsistance Whaling794

5.8.2.On The use of The Cold Grenade Harpoon795

6.Selected IWC Documents797

6.1.U.S.Report to The Thirty-Fourth Meeting on National Laws.Concerning Preservation of Habitat of Whales,The Marine Environment and Pollutants in Whales in 1982(IWC/34/38)799

6.2.Norwegian Report to The Thirty-Fourth Meeting on National Measures to Discourage Whaling by non-IWC Nations 1982;(IWC/34/30)813

6.3.Report by The South African Commissioner on steps Taken to Implement the 1977 Resolution Concerning the Transfer of Whaling Equipment etc.to non-member Nations(IWC/31/18)819

6.4.Register of Whaling vessels(IWC/32/14)6823

6.5.List of National Legislation Deposited with the IWC(supplied by IWC 1984)824

6.6.Statements by FAO Observer(IWC/33/OS);FAO Marine 1982(unrevised at 34th Meeting)835

6.7.Seychelles Report on Whaling Under Flags of Convenience(IWC/31 Ⅱ)838

6.8.Countries Which are not Members of the International Whaling Commission and which may have Stocks of Cetaceans off their Coasts(Geographical)(IWC/ 29/14)848

7.Selected Related Fisheries Conventions851

7.1.Convention on The Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources(CCAMLR) 1981.(IUCN Bulletin)853

7.2.North west Atlantic Fisheries Convention(NAFO),1978(supplied by Canadian Fisheries Department)862

8.Relevant Declaration of International Principles871

8.1.Declaration of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment(UNCHE) 1972(Report of United Nations Conference on the Human Environment,Stockholm,5-16 June 1972873

8.2.UNCHE Recommendations Relevant to Conservation of Marine Mammals including for a 10 year moratorium on commercial whaling.(UNEP/FAO Draft Global Plan of Action for the conservation etc.of Marine Mammals,FAO Rome 1981,Appendix 5;and UNCHE Report876

8.3.UNEP's Draft Principles for the Conduct of States in the Conservation and Harmonious Utilisation of Natural Resources shared by Two or More States(UNEP/IC.12/2,8 February 1978)879

8.4.IUCN's World Conservation Strategy(Item.18:The Global Commons(IWC/34/34)884

8.5.World Charter for Nature UN General Assembly Resolution 37/7,October 28,1982 as reproduced in ILM(2) 1983885

9.UN Conventions on The Law of the Sea:Selected Articles891

9.1.Geneva Convention on Fisheries and The Conservation of the Living Resources of the Sea 1958.(New Directions in the Law of the Sea,vol.I,pub.Oceana M/7(1973)893

9.2.United Nations Law of the Sea Convention 1982(UN-LOSC):selected articles and annex901

9.2.1.The Exclusive Economic Zone901

9.2.2.Highly Migratory Species903

9.2.3.Marine Mammals903

9.2.4.Habitats Protection ＆ Preservation of the Marine Environment904

9.2.5.Annex.I906

9.3.Canadian Statement on Interpretation etc.of Articles 63 and 65 of UN Convention on the Law of the Sea(Written Statement by The Delegation of Canada,dated 2 April 1980,UNCLOS Doc.A/CONF.62/WS/4,10 April 1980)907

10.European Community(E.C.) Pressure to Protect Cetaceans1911

10.1.Regulation on Common Rules For Import of Whales and other cetacean Products 1981;(Council Regulation(EEC) No.348/81,20 January 1981;OJ No.L.3911,12.2.81)913

11.Coastal State Claims to Extended National Jurisdiction915

11.1.Limits of the Territorial Seas,Fishing Zones and Exclusive Economic Zones(Coastal State Requirements for Foreign Fishing No.1.1.Legislative Study No.21(Rev.l),FAO.Rome(1983)917

11.2.U.S.:Proclamation of an Exclusive Economic Zone.March 10,1983(U.S.Proclamation No.5030 reproducing I-ⅩⅩⅡ ILM(2),1983,from The Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents,vol.19,No.10,March 14,1983922

12.Selected Innovatory National Laws8927

12.1.U.S.A929

12.1.1.U.S.Marine Mammal Protection Act,(MMPA) of 1982 as amended to 1984(Supplied by U.S.Marine Mammal Commission929

12.1.2.Protection of Humpback Whales from Harassment in The Hawaiian Islands(Humpback Whale Harassment in The Hawaiian Islands(Interpretation) Title 50-Wild life and Fisheries(3516-22-M;activities identified by U.S.National Marine Fisheries Service NMFS) as constituting harassment under the U.S.Endangered Species Act of 1973 and MMPA of 1972;pub.The Humpback whale(NMPS 1979)968

12.1.3.Guidelines for Whale Watching:The Californian Gray Whale(interpretation by U.S.National Marine Fisheries Service in 1980,as aswe;pub.NMFS,"The Californian Gray Whale,"(1980)970

12.1.4.Glacier Bay National Monument:Proposed Rule applicable to humpback Whales(U.S.Fed.Reg.vol.45,No.46,March 6,1980,pp.14601-05)972

12.1.5.Proclamation of Humpback Whale Refuge in Hawaii(Maui) 1977.(Proclamation issue by Mayor of Hawaii 1977;copy supplied by Mayor's office)987

12.1.6.U.S.Congressional Resolution Calling for Wildlife Preserve)for Humpback Whales in The West Indies989

12.2.Mexico991

12.2.1.Scammon's Lagoon Refuge Extension Regulations 1980(supplied by Professor A.Szekeley,University of Mexico)informal interpretation by U.S.Embassy)991

12.3.Seychelles992

12.3.1.Marine Mammals Sanctuary Decree 1979992

13.Recommendations for Further Actions to Protect Cetaceans995

13.1.UNEP/FAO.Draft Global Plan of Action for The Conservation etc.of Marine Mammals.(FAO/UNEP Project No.6502-78/02;pub.FAO.Rome 1981,and Appendix I;List of Recommendations9997

13.2.Selected Recommendations of Whales Alive Conference;Boston Ma.,U.S.A.7-11 June 1983;(Whales alive:Report of Global Conference on The Non-Consumptive Utilisation of Cetacean Resources,IWC/35/19;pub.Connecticut Cetacean Society,Inc.P.O.Box 9145,Wethersfield,Conn.,06109,U.S.A.)1012

14.Withdrawal from The IWC1017

14.1.Notices of withdrawal by Norway,Netherlands,Japan,1958-59;(LWC 10th Rep.(1959)(Appendix Ⅵ)1019

14.2.Opening Statement of Mr.Mercer,Canadian Commissioner to IWC,33rd Meeting Canada's withdrawal(IWC/33/OS Canada)1020

14.2.3.Communique from Canadian Department of External Affairs June 26,1981:"Canada Withdraws from The International Whaling Convention and Commission"1021

15.Regulation of Small Cetaceans1023

15.1.Report of The Steering Committee on Regulation of Bacord's Backed Whale(IWC/35/15)101025

16.Co-operation with Other Organisers Concerned with Whales1029

16-1.Co-operation with Organisations Concerned Directly or Indirectly with Whales and their Ecosystem1031

Selected Bibliography1033