《THE MARITIME ZONES OF ISLANDS IN INTERNATIONAL LAW》求取 ⇩

Ⅰ.THE HISTORICAL BACKGROUND AND TRADITIONAL VIEWPOINT OF INTERNATIONAL LAW ON THE MARITIME ZONE OF ISLANDS1

1.The Historical Background1

2.The Traditional Viewpoint of International Law on Maritime Zones of Islands3

2.1.The Traditional Rule and the Analogies between Continental and Archipelagic Maritime Zones5

2.2.Re-affirmation of the Traditional Viewpoint at the Third UNCLOS7

Ⅱ.THE DEFINITION OF"ISLANDS"AND OTHER INSULAR FORMATIONS IN INTERNATIONAL LAW9

1.Past Definitions of"Islands"9

2.Suggested Definitions of"Islands"at the Third UNCLOS12

2.1.Summary of Reasons for Redefining Insular Concepts16

2.2.The Resulting Definition from the Third UNCLOS17

3.The Role of Estoppel and Acquiescence in Determining Insular Status19

4.The Essential Characteristics of an"Island"in International Law20

4.1.An Area of Land21

4.1.1.Anchored Ships21

4.1.2.Floating Natural formations:Icebergs22

4.1.3.Seabed Installations24

4.1.4.Dwellings Built on Piles:"Stilt Villages"28

4.2.Of Natural Formation29

4.3.Of Sufficient Size37

4.4.Surrounded by Water41

4.5.Above Water at High Tide42

4.6.With Human Habitation,or Capacity Thereof45

4.7.Having Economic Viability or Defence Value51

5.Residual Criteria Alleged to be Relevant to the Capacity of Islands to Generate Maritime Zones53

5.1.Geological Structure or Geographical Position54

5.2.Independence from Foreign or Colonial Domination57

6.The Definition of Archipelagos and"Archipelagic States"in International Law60

Ⅲ.THE MARITIME ZONES GENERATED BY ISLANDS AND OTHER SIMILAR INSULAR FORMATIONS62

1.Internal Waters62

2.Archipelagic Waters68

2.1.The Status of"Archipelagic Waters"68

2.2.The Nature of Archipelagic Régime71

2.2.1.Navigational Rights of Foreign States71

2.2.2.Non-navigational Rights in Archipelagic Waters:Seabed Exploitation,Fisheries and the Laying of Cables and Pipelines76

2.3.The Rules for Drawing the Straight Archipelagic Baselines78

3.Limited Coastal Zones(The Territorial Sea,the 12-Mile Fishery Zone,the Contiguous Zone,and Safety or Security Zone)81

3.1.The Territorial Sea82

3.1.1.The Traditional View of International Law82

3.1.2.Municipal Decisions According Small Insular Formations a Territorial Sea84

3.1.3.Arbitral Tribunals:The Franco-British Arbitration Case on the Western Approaches,1977,and the Capacity of Islets and Rocks to Generate a Territorial Sea and Fishery Zone85

3.1.4.State Practice:The Repercussions of Denial of Archipelagic Straight Baselines Systems on the Right of Individual Islands to a Territorial Sea87

3.1.5.Express Legislation or Decrees According a Territorial Sea to Islands88

3.1.6.The Mayaguez Incident89

3.1.7.The Problem of Off-shore Foreign Islands and the Insular Territorial Sea90

3.1.8.The Greek-Turkish Dispute over the Eastern Aegean90

3.1.9.The First UNCLOS,1958,and the Question of the Territorial Sea of Islands92

3.1.10.Third UNCLOS and the Question of the Territorial Sea of Islands94

3.2.The 12-Mile Fishery Zone100

3.2.1.The Anglo-Irish Dispute over Rockall101

3.2.2.The Problem of Fishery Limits off Irish Islands:The Case of Minister of Agriculture and Fisheries v.Hartjevald(April 29th,1976)102

3.3.The Contiguous Zone103

3.4.The"Safety"or"Security"Zone Concept104

3.4.1.Sui Generis Insular Zone Suggestions108

3.4.2.Variable Restricted Zones110

4.The Exclusive Economic Zone(EEZ)and 200-Mile Fishery Zone112

4.1.Particular Problems for Islands arising from Such Zones114

4.2.Reasons for Depriving Small Insular Formations of a 200-Mile EEZ or Fishery Zone115

4.2.1.Rockall and the 200-Mile Exclusive Fishery Zone117

4.2.2.The EEZ Problem following the Beagle Channel Dispute118

4.3.The Third UNCLOS and the Problem of Insular EEZ's120

4.4.The Complication of Archipelagos on Insular EEZ's123

4.5.The Effect of The Third UNCLOS on Subsequent State Practice in regard to Declarations of 200-Mile EEZ's or Fishery Zones from Insular Formations125

4.6.Recent 200-Mile EEZ or Fishery Zone Legislation Utilising Islands for Baselines127

4.6.1.Canada127

4.6.2.U.S.S.R.128

4.6.3.Japan129

4.6.4.New Zealand129

5.The Continental Shelf130

5.1.The I.L.C.Deliberations130

5.2.The First UNCLOS and the Problem of Insular"Continental Shelves"131

5.3.The Meaning of"Island"in Article 1(b)of the 1958 Continental Shelf Convention132

5.3.1.The Franco-British Arbitration Case on the Western Approaches and the Meaning of"Island"in the 1958 Continental Shelf Convention133

5.3.2.The Anglo-Irish Dispute over Rockall and the Meaning of"Island"in the 1958 Continental Shelf Convention134

5.4.Small Insular Formations and the Continental Shelf"Protuberance"Argument136

5.4.1.The Problem of the Senkaku Islets136

5.4.2.The Aegean Sea Dispute137

5.4.3.The Franco-British Arbitration Case,1977138

5.5.The"Surface-Manifestation-of-the-Seabed"Argument140

5.6.The Ambiguity of the Meaning of"Island"in Article 1(b)of the 1958 Continental Shelf Convention and the Impact of Customary International Law140

5.7.The Concept of Limited Continental Shelves for Certain Insular Formations142

5.8.The Proceedings at the Third UNCLOS and the Right of Islands to Continental Shelves143

5.9.The Aegean Continental Shelf case145

5.10.The Relationship of"Archipelagic Waters"to the Continental Shelf Regime149

5.11.The Problem of Islets Denied Any Value as Basepoints in Delimitation of the Continental Shelf150

Ⅳ.DELIMITATION OF MARITIME ZONES AND THE QUESTION OF ISLANDS152

1.Historical Background:The First UNCLOS152

2.Difficulties Arising out of a Strict Application of Median/Equidistance Lines in the Delimitation of the Territorial Sea154

2.1.The Aegean Dispute155

2.2.Submissions at the Third UNCLOS155

2.3.Existing State Practice and Suggested Alternative Delimitation Methods156

2.4.The Franco-British Arbitration Case on the Western Approaches and the Problem of Insular Formations in Territorial Sea Delimitations157

3.Insular Formations and the Delimitation of the Continental Shelf and EEZ159

3.1.The Problem of an Insular Formation Situate in a Continuous Continental Shelf Zone:The"Wrong-Side-of-the-Median-Line"Situation159

3.2.The Problem of Insular Formations Situated Far Outside their Owner's Notional Continental Shelf161

3.2.1.The Rockall Dispute and the Dispute over the Western Approaches162

3.3.The Inter-relationship between the Capacity of Islands to Generate Maritime Zones and Their Use as Basepoints for Delimitation164

3.4.The Provisions of the 1958 Convention and Delimitation of the Continental Shelf165

3.4.1.The 1958 Convention and the Meaning of"Special Circumstances"under Article 6166

3.4.2.The North Sea Continental Shelf Cases and Mention of"Islands"as"Special Circumstances"170

3.4.3.The Aegean Continental Shelf Case172

3.4.4.The Franco-British and Anglo-Irish Continental Shelf Disputes173

3.4.5.The Franco-British Arbitration Case and the Meaning and Proof of"Special Circumstances"in relation to Insular Features174

3.5.The Delimitation of the Continental Shelf and EEZ:The Third UNCLOS179

3.6.Examples of Continental Shelf Delimitations Complicated by the Presence of Islands183

3.6.1.The Rockall Dispute184

3.6.2.The Barents Sea Dispute187

3.6.3.Demarcation Difficulties in the East China Sea187

3.7.The Existing Practice of States as to the Use of Insular Formations as Basepoints in Continental Shelf and Other Delimitation Agreements,and Recently Stated Arbitral Solutions189

3.7.1.Taking an Insular Formation as a Basepoint190

3.7.2.Ignoringi Wholly or Selectively,Insular Formations as Basepoints191

3.7.3.Ignoring an Insular Formation as a Basepoint,but Allowing It to Generate a Moderate Maritime Zone:The"Enclave"Solution193

3.7.4.Allowing an Insular Formation"Trade-off"Value in a Part of the Boundary200

3.7.5.Giving an Insular Formation Reduced Effect or"Half-weight"as a Basepoint201

3.7.6.Ignoring an Insular Formation as a Basepoint,with Consequent Relinquishment of Sovereign Rights to the Formation,or to Any Maritime Zones Thereof,by the Owner State203

Ⅴ.CONCLUSIONS205

1.Definition of"Islands"in Contemporary International Law205

2.The Maritime Zones which May Be Generated by Islands in Contemporary International Law206

3.Delimitation of Maritime Zones Complicated by Islands in Contemporary International Law207

NOTES211

INDEX303