《Population》

CHAPTER ⅠEARLY POPULATION THEORIES1

1．INTRODUCTORY1

2．GREEK AND ROMAN POPULATION THEORIES2

3．THE INFLUENCE OF THE EARLY CHRISTIANS5

4．SIXTEENTH AND SEVENTEENTH-CENTURY WRITERS ON POPULATIOON PROBLEMS7

5．THE INTRODUCTION OF VITAL STATISTICS11

6．THE FORERUNNERS OF MALTHUS13

CHAPTER ⅡMALTHUS20

1．AN ESSAY ON THE PRINCIPLE OF POPULATION20

2．THE MALTHUSIAN ARGUMENT22

3．THE LAW OF DIMINISHING RETURNS28

4．THE RELEVANCE OF THE MALTHUSIAN ARGUMENT TO PRESENT CIRCUMSTANCES32

5．AN IMPORTANT DEVELOPMENT36

CHAPTER ⅢPOPULATION THEORIES IN CHANGING CIRCUMSTANCES40

1．WHY MALTHUS HAD MANY DISCIPLES40

2．HOW DIMINISHING RETURNS REVEALED THEMSELVES43

3．REACTION AGAINST MALTHUS AND RICARDO45

4．J．S．MILL＇S VIEW OF POPULATION PROBLEMS48

5．A CRITICISM OF MILL＇S VIEW51

6．THE RETURN TO MALTHUS54

CHAPTER ⅣFOOD AND RAW MATERIALS59

1．ANALOGY BETWEEN A SHRINKING EARTH AND A GROWING POPULATION59

2．THE TRANSFERENCE OF RESOURCES IN WAR-TIME61

3．THE PRESSURE OF POPULATION UPON SUBSISTENCE64

4．THE ECONOMIC ADVANTAGES OF A GROWING POPULATIOON66

5．THE SUPPLY OF RAW COTTON70

6．THE SUPPLY OF WOOL72

7．FISHERIES74

CHAPTER ⅤCOAL AND IRON77

1．JEVONS AND THE COAL QUESTION77

2．THE MEANING OF＂EXHAUSTION＂82

3．THE INFLUENCE OF PROTECTION85

4．THE WORLD＇S COAL RESERVES87

5．THE EXPORT TRADE IN COAL90

6．SUBSTITUTES FOR COAL91

7．IRON94

8．GREAT BRITAIN＇S PROBLEM95

CHAPTER ⅥTHE GROWTH OF POPULATION99

1．CHANGES IN THE BIRTH-RATE99

2．CHANGES IN THE DEATH-RATE102

3．THE RELATIVE INFLUENCE OF BIRTH-RATE AND DEATH-RATE UPON THE GROWTH OF POPULATION103

4．PREVENTIVE CHECKS TO POPULATION106

5．UNDER-POPULATION107

6．A FALLING BIRTH-RATE108

7．SOME EXPLANATIONS OF THE DECLINE IN THE BIRTH-RATE111

8．VARIATIONS IN THE BIRTH-RATE BETWEEN DIFFERENT CLASSES113

9．OTHER FACTORS INFLUENCING THE BIRTH-RATE115

10．THE IMPORTANCE OF THE DECLINE IN THE BIRTH-RATE117

CHAPTER ⅦINTERNATIONAL POPULATION PROBLEMS119

1．THE INFLUENCE OF NATIONALITY119

2．JAPAN AND INDIA120

3．THE BIG FOUR123

4．THE UNITED STATES123

5．THE BRITISH EMPIRE124

6．FRANCE125

7．GERMANY127

8．RUSSIA129

9．WAR AND POPULATION130

10．WAR AND SUBSISTENCE134

11．EMIGRATION140

12．THE DANGER TO CIVILIZATION146

CHAPTER ⅧTHE QUALITY OF POPULATION148

1．INTRODUCTORY148

2．WHY THERE ARE MORE WOMEN THAN MEN148

3．THE FERTILITY OF DIFFERENT CLASSES150

4．A CAUSE OF THE HIGH BIRTH-RATE AMONG THE POOR153

5．EUGENIC CONSIDERATIONS154

6．PRESENT LIMITATIONS OF EUGENICS158

7．THE RELATIVE IMPORTANCE OF HEREDITY AND ENVIRONMENT159

8．THE RELATION BETWEEN QUANTITY AND QUALITY OF POPULATION160

CHAPTER ⅨSUMMARY AND CONCLUSION165

1．RECAPITULATORY165

2．A FORECAST BY MALTHUS167

3．THE WORLD＇S RESOURCES168

4．THE WAY OUT169

5．POSSIBLE SCIENTIFIC DEVELOPMENTS170

6．THE VALUE OF DISCUSSION173