《South America》求取 ⇩

CHAPTER ⅠTHE ISTHMUS OF PANAMA1

The Part of the Isthmus and the Strait in History1

The Isthmus of Suez and the Isthmus of Panama：The Route from Colon to Culebra and Panama2

View from the Hill of Ancon9

The Natives of the Isthmus：The San Blas Indians13

The English Raiders：Drake and Morgan15

The Canal：Gatun Locks and Lake19

The Great Cutting at Culebra24

Administration and Sanitation of the Canal Zone26

Failure of the French Undertaking due Primarily to Disease28

Commercial Prospects of the Canal33

General Impressions made by the Isthmus and the Canal35

CHAPTER ⅡTHE COAST OF PERU37

Cold Climate of the West Coast37

The Antarctic Current38

Aridity and Barrenness of the Peruvian Coast39

Payta：The Guano Islands40

Lima：General Aspect and Buildings46

Life and Society in Lima51

Mollendo and the Peruvian Southern Railway54

First View of the Andes56

The Desert of Western Peru57

The City of Arequipa60

The Volcano of El Misti61

Oriental Aspect of Arequipa64

Character of the People of Arequipa66

A Stroy from Colonial Days69

CHAPTER ⅢCUZCO AND THE LAND OF THE INCAS75

Physical Character of Peru75

Crossing of the Andes from Arequipa to the Central Plateau of Lake Titicaca80

Scenery of the Valley from the Plateau to Cuzco81

One of the Sources of the Amazon86

Market Day at Sicuani：The Quichua Indians88

Cuzco：Its Situation and Aspect95

The Spanish Buildings at Cuzco96

The Ancient Buildings：Inca Walls102

The Prehistoric Fortress of Sacsahuaman107

Impression made by the Remains of Ancient Peruvian Work114

Historical Associations of Cuzco114

[Note on the Fortress Walls of Sacsahuaman]118

CHAPTER ⅣLAKE TITICACA AND THE CENTRAL ANDES119

The Central Plateau and the Lake119

Inhabitants of the Plateau：The Aymara Indians121

Scenery of Lake Titicaca124

The Shrine of Copacavana128

Voyage to the Sacred Islands130

Koati：The Island of the Moon131

The Island of the Sun132

The Bath and Garden of the Inca133

The Sacred Rock of the Wild Cat135

View of the Snowy Range of Sorata or Illampu141

The Lake of Vinamarca143

Tiahuanaco and its Ruins144

Impression made by the Ruins147

Character of the Ancient Peruvian Civilization152

The Primitive Religion of Peru156

Government and the Policy of the Incas160

CHAPTER ⅤLA PAZ AND THE BOLIVIAN DESERT166

Origin of the Bolivian Republic166

General Physical Character of Bolivia167

Approach to La Paz：The Barranca168

Climate of La Paz：The Mountain Sickness or Soroche171

The City and its Environs174

Character and Habits of the Bolivian Indians179

The Plateau from La Paz to Oruro186

Uyuni：The Great Bolivian Desert191

Passage through the Andes198

The Borax Lake and the Volcanoes199

View of the Western Cordillera203

The Desert of Atacama204

CHAPTER ⅥCHILE205

The Three Regions of Chile206

Northern Chile：The Nitrate Fields207

Megillones and Antofagasta210

Valparaiso212

Santiago216

Pedro de Valdivia and the Rock of Santa Lucia218

Chilean Society and Politics220

Southern Chile：Its Climate and Scenery223

The Coast Cities：Concepcion and Talcahuano225

Lota Valdivia and Corral227

The Araucanian Indians：Their History，Customs，and Religion232

Osorno and its German Clony239

Rio Bueno242

Attractiveness of Southern Chile241

Lake Rinihue and the Chilean Forests244

CHAPTER ⅦACROSS THE ANDES248

The Andean Range248

The Uspallata Pass from Chile into Argentina250

Construction of the Transandine Railway251

Scenery on the Chilean Side253

The Tunnel under the Summit of the Cordillera256

Scenery on the Argentine Side256

Aconcagua and Tupungato257

The City of Mendoza260

Argentines and Chileans264

Return across the Mountains and Ascent to the Cumbre267

The Christ of the Andes269

Observations on the Scenery of the Andes in General271

Comparison with the Himalayas276

[Note on the Passage of the Andes，in 1817，by the Army of General San Martin]280

CHAPTER ⅧTHE STRAITS OF MAGELLAN283

Discovery of the Straits，and Circumnavigation of the Globe，by Magellan284

Voyage of Sir Francis Drake286

The Coast of Southern Chile：The Sea-birds286

Approach to，and Entrance of，the Straits290

The Scenery of the Western Half of the Straits291

Punta Arenas and Tierra del Fuego300

The Eastern Half of the Straits304

General Observations on the Character of the Straits305

Their Historical Importance307

The Falkland Isles，their Character and Products308

Their History311

Their Scenery313

CHAPTER ⅨARGENTINA315

The Approach to Buenos Aires315

Aspect of the City316

Society in Buenos Aires318

Physical Character of Argentina324

Inhabitants of Argentina：The Gaucho327

Agriculture and Ranching329

The Process of Settlement：Labour330

The Scenery of the Pampas334

Economic Prospects of Argentina336

The European Immigrants338

Character and Tendencies of Society in Argentina341

Argentina the Most Modern of South American Countries346

CHAPTER ⅩURUGUAY349

How Uruguay became an Independent Republic349

Resources of the Country350

The City of Montevideo351

Population of Uruguay：Immigrants and Natives355

A Revolution in Uruguay356

The Whites and the Reds357

Causes of the Revolutionary Habit358

Prosperity of Uruguay362

CHAPTER ⅪBRAZIL366

How Brazil fell to the Portuguese366

Physical Features of the Different Parts of the Country368

Voyage from Montevideo to Santos370

Santos and the Railway to Sao Paulo372

The City of Sao Paulo and its People374

Approach to Rio de Janeiro377

Aspect of Rio：The Bay and the Mountains378

Scenery of the Environs of Rio382

Petropolis the＂Hill Station＂of Rio384

Excursion through the Mountains386

A Brazilian Forest390

Naval Mutiny at Rio395

Economic Resources of Brazil402

The People：German and Italian Immigrants405

The Negroes and Indians407

Recent History of Brazil410

Character and Tendencies of the Brazilians416

The Future of Brazil420

CHAPTER ⅫTHE RISE OF NEW NATIONS422

The Colonial Empire of Spain divided into Sixteen Republics or Nations423

What is a Nation？424

Process by which New Nations Arise426

The Administrative Divisions of the Colonies the Basis of the Division into Republics427

Influences which differentiate Nations429

Geographical Position429

Physical Environment：Climate430

The Aborigines：Their Number and Character432

The Struggle for Independence and the Civil Wars434

Recent Economic Development：Immigration437

Which of the Republics have become Nations？438

Chile and Argentina：Mexico，Peru，Brazil441

The Caribbean and Central American Republics441

Does there exist a Common Sentiment of Spanish-American Nationality？444

Will the Present Political Divisions be Maintained？447

Prospects of International Peace in South America448

CHAPTER ⅩⅢTHE RELATIONS OF RACES IN SOUTH AMERICA452

Importance of the Aboriginal Element in Spanish-American Countries454

How the Native Tribes came to Survive455

Probable Present Numbers of the Indian Population458

The Indians in Peru and Bolivia460

Present State of these Indians，Social and Religious460

Ulloa＇s Report on their Condition in the Eighteenth Century463

Universal Illiteracy of the Indians：Their Civil and Political Status465

Relations of Indians and Whites：No＂Colour Line＂in Latin America470

How the Presence of the Aborigines has affected the Whites475

The Negroes in Brazil479

Three General Conclusions regarding the Native Indians of South America480

It is not certain that they have injured the White Race by Intermixture481

Demoralization of the Peruvian Indians by the Spanish Con-quest，and Subsequent Oppression481

Racial Repugnance not a Universal Phenomenon in the Rela-tions of Peoples of Different Colour482

CHAPTER ⅩⅣTHE TWO AMERICAS AND THE RELATION OF SOUTH AMERICA TO EUROPE484

Origin of the Name：＂America＂484

How it came to be applied to Two Continents486

Some Physical Similarities of the Two Continents488

Some Similarities in their History489

＂Teutonic＂America and＂Latin＂America490

Divergent History of the Two Americas492

The Indians：The Mines：The Settlers493

Different Methods of Government494

The Two Wars of Independence496

The English Colonies held together while the Spanish split Up499

What＂Teutonic＂and Latin America have in Common500

The Contrasts between them are More Important504

Present Attitude of Spanish Americans to North Americans507

Real Affinities of Spanish America are with Some European Peoples512

Sympathy and Intercourse with Spain not very Close513

Relations are Most Intimate with France518

Are the South American Peoples a New Group，with a New＂Racial Type＂？520

CHAPTER ⅩⅤTHE CONDITIONS OF POLITICAL LIFE IN SPANISH-AMERICAN REPUBLICS523

European Views of Spanish America during and after the War of Independence524

Physical or Geographical Conditions affecting the Political Life527

Racial Conditions：The Aborigines528

Economic and Social Conditions532

Historical Conditions in the Colonial Period534

Historical Conditions during and since the War of Independence536

The Peoples of the Republics began with no Experience in the Methods of Free Government537

Some Revolutionary Leaders did not approve Democracy538

Would Monarchy or Oligarchy have been Better？540

Differences between the existing Republics：Three Classes of States541

Some have truly Republican Governments543

Influences making for Political Progress546

European Judgments on Spanish-American Republic unduly Severe550

CHAPTER ⅩⅥSOME REFLECTIONS AND FORECASTS552

Rapid filling up of the Cultivable Areas of the World552

Regions available for Settlement in South America555

The Temperate Regions556

The Selvas of the Amazonian Plain558

Possible Future Population of South America563

Elements，Aboriginal and White，in the Population564

Phenomena of Race Intermixture in South America566

No Predominant Type in the South American Peoples568

Spanish Americans misjudged because their Conditions at Time of Independence were not Understood570

Evidences of Social and Political Advancement573

South America has suffered from Want of Intellectual Contact with Other Countries574

The Spanish Race stronger on the Practical than on the Intel-lectually Creative Side577

Backwardness of Knowledge and Intelligence in the Rural Parts of Spanish America580

Decline in the Influence of the Church and Religion582

Continued Vigour of the Spanish-American Race584

NOTE Ⅰ．Some Books upon Latin America587

NOTE Ⅱ．A Few Remarks on travelling in South America588

INDEX591