《The Middle East A Political and Economic Survey Third Edition》

1．INTRODUCTION1

THE REGION DEFINED1

Geography，Climate，and Vegetation1

Resources2

International Importance3

HISTORY AND POLITICS4

The Arab Conquests5

The Turks6

The Crusades6

The Ottoman Empire7

Arab Nationalism11

Pan-Islamism and Pan-Arabism11

The Revolution of 190812

The First World War12

The Arab Revolt13

Partition and Mandates13

The End of the Caliphate17

Regional Relations17

Arab Unity18

Great-Power Rivalry between the Wars19

The Second World War24

Formation of the Arab League25

The National Home and its Consequences26

Middle East Defence27

The Baghdad Pact29

The Great Powers and the Middle East，1956-732

Middle East Realignments36

The Future40

FAITHS，SECTS，AND MINORITIES42

Islam and the Arabs42

Sects43

The＇Legacy of Islam＇45

Minorities in the Islamic World46

Armenians47

Assyrians48

Kurds49

Christian Communities50

ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL52

Agriculture53

Mining56

The Oil Industry57

Other Industry63

Foreign Trade64

Public Development Schemes65

Foreign Aid67

Conclusion70

A NOTE ON THE POSITION OF WOMEN IN THE MIDDLE EAST70

2．ARABIA73

1．INTRODUCTION73

The Land73

The People73

Political Divisions75

2．SAUDI ARABIA75

GEOGRAPHICAL AND RELIGIOUS BACKGROUND：76

The Holy Places and the Pilgrimage76

The Ikhwan77

HISTORY AND POLITICS：78

History78

Constitution and Government80

Foreign Relations81

Armed Forces85

The Dhahran Air Base85

ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL：86

The Oil Industry86

Mining88

Other Industries88

Agriculture and Fisheries88

Finance and Currency89

Communications91

Public Health and Education92

THE FUTURE93

3．YEMEN94

THE LAND AND THE PEOPLE：95

History95

Foreign Relations96

Constitution and Government98

ECONOMY AND RESOURCES：99

Resources99

Currency and Finance101

Communications101

United Nations Technical Assistance101

CONCLUSION102

4．ADEN COLONY AND PROTECTORATE102

HISTORY AND POLITICS：106

Foreign Relations104

ADEN COLONY：106

THE LAND AND THE PEOPLE：106

Population106

Politics107

Statements of Policy107

Administration and Justice108

ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL SURVEY：108

Public Finance and Currency108

Communications109

Commerce and Trade109

Local Products110

Oil Refining110

Other Industries110

Development111

Education111

Health111

Vital Statistics112

Labour112

ADEN PROTECTORATE：113

The Land and the People113

Climate113

Population113

Administration114

Justice114

Security114

ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL SURVEY：116

Public Finance and Currency116

Agriculture117

The Abyan Scheme117

Commerce117

Communications118

Education118

Health118

CONCLUSION119

5．THE PERSIAN GULF SHAIKHDOMS119

Introduction119

KUWAIT122

The Land and the People122

History123

Natural Resources124

Finance125

Development127

Foreign Trade128

Politics129

Social Impact of the Oil Industry130

The Neutral Zone130

BAHRAIN132

History and Foreign Relations132

Politics133

Foreign Trade and Finance135

Oil136

QATAR138

THE TRUCIAL COAST140

6．MUSCAT AND OMAN142

3．CYPRUS147

THE LAND AND THE PEOPLE147

HISTORY AND POLITICS148

The Historical Background148

The British Occupation148

The Second World War and After150

Enosis and Constitutional Reform151

International Complications152

The Outbreak of Terrorism155

The Tripartite Conference156

The State of Emergency158

The Deportation of Makarios160

The Truce163

ADMINISTRATION AND JUSTICE164

Political Groups165

THE BASES166

ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL SURVEY167

Agriculture and Forestry168

Water-Supplies169

The Co-operative Movement170

Mining and Industry170

Communications171

Foreign Trade172

Public Finance and Currency173

Economic Prospects and the Development Programme174

Labour and Trade Unionism176

Education177

Public Health and Welfare178

4．EGYPT179

THE LAND AND THE PEOPLE179

Population179

Religion180

HISTORY AND POLITICS181

Mohammed Ali and his Successors181

The British Occupation183

Politics and Anglo-Egyptian Relations 1923-47185

THE REVOLUTION AND AFTER190

1953193

1954196

1955199

1956202

1957208

SOCIAL SURVEY211

Social Welfare and Foreign Aid211

Labour，Trade Unionism，and Social Security212

The Position of Women213

Education214

Cultural and Political Influence in the Arab World and in Africa215

ECONOMIC SURVEY215

The Economic Background：215

the Nile215

Agricultural Production218

Land Reform and Land Settlement219

National Planning and Industrial Development221

Oil and Other Mineral Resources222

Communications223

Foreign Trade and Balance of Payments223

The Sterling Balances Question226

Banking228

Public Finance230

APPENDIX Ⅰ．THE SUEZ CANAL231

APPENDIX Ⅱ．THE HIGH DAM235

5．IRAQ237

THE LAND AND THE PEOPLE237

The People238

RELIGIONS239

HISTORY AND POLITICS241

The Period 1914-45243

Iraq since the Second World War246

The Suez Crisis250

GOVERNMENT AND CONSTITUTION251

Administration252

Armed Forces and Police252

ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL SURVEY252

Public Health252

Education253

Labour255

Economic Resources255

Development256

Agriculture257

Forests259

Problems of Agriculture260

Irrigation260

Land Tenure and Conditions of Cultivation261

Livestock263

The Oil Industry263

Other Industries266

Communications267

Foreign Trade269

Banking and Currency272

Public Finance273

6．ISRAEL275

THE LAND AND THE PEOPLE275

Population278

Immigration279

The Arabs in Israel282

Integration of Immigrants284

HISTORY AND POLITICS284

The Mandate285

The State of Israel and the Palestine War287

The Arab-Israeli Conflict288

The Sinai Campaign289

GOVERNMENT AND CONSTITUTION291

Political Parties292

Political Developments and Foreign Policy294

SOCIAL SURVEY296

Education296

Cultural Development298

Health Services299

Labour and Trade Unions300

ECONOMIC SURVEY301

Pattern of the Economy302

Agriculture303

Industry304

Oil306

Currency307

Government Finance307

Inflation310

The Need for Capital311

Foreign Aid312

Foreign Exchange312

Foreign Trade314

Water-Supplies and Irrigation315

Forestry317

Agricultural Settlements317

Communications318

7．THE HASHIMITE KINGDOM OF JORDAN321

THE LAND AND THE PEOPLE321

Jerusalem and the Holy Places323

Religious and Racial Minorities324

HISTORY AND POLITICS324

The Mandate325

The Treaties with Britain326

The Palestine War and its Aftermath327

The Events of 1954-7330

GOVERNMENT AND CONSTITUTION334

Armed Forces335

SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC CONDITIONS336

Social Conditions in East and West Jordan336

Education337

Agriculture and Irrigation Schemes338

Minerals and Industrial Development340

Communications342

Foreign Trade342

Currency and Banking345

Public Finance345

8．LEBANON350

GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS350

External Relations352

SOCIAL SURVEY355

The Press356

Education356

ECONOMIC SURVEY357

Demographic Structure357

Agriculture358

Commerce360

Industry360

Communications361

Foreign Trade362

Currency and Banking363

Public Finance and Development363

Conclusion364

STATISTICAL APPENDIX365

9．PERSIA368

THE LAND AND THE PEOPLE368

The People369

Language370

Religion371

HISTORY AND POLITICS371

Arabs，Turks，and Mongols372

The Safavids373

The Qajars374

Riza Shah and Modern Persia376

The Second World War377

The Persian-Soviet Dispute and the Separatist Movements380

The American-Persian Military Agreement381

Nationalization of the Oil Industry382

GOVERNMENT AND ADMINISTRATION386

The Majlis387

The Senate387

Justice387

Security388

Political Parties388

SOCIAL SURVEY389

Education389

The Press and Broadcasting390

Health390

Labour391

Social Insurance392

ECONOMIC SURVEY392

Agriculture392

Livestock393

Irrigation394

Forests394

Land Reform and Rural Development394

The Oil Industry396

General Industry399

Communications401

Foreign Trade402

Foreign Aid407

Currency，Banking，and Insurance408

Public Finance410

The Seven Year Plans412

10．THE SUDAN414

THE LAND AND THE PEOPLE414

The Climate414

The People415

The Northern Sudan416

The Southern Sudan417

HISTORY AND POLITICS418

The Turco-Egyptian Period418

The Anglo-Egyptian Convention and the Condominium421

The New Ad-ministration421

Slavery422

Political Developments under the Condominium422

Anglo-Egyptian Differences over the Sudan423

Nationalism and the Development of Political Parties424

Progress towards Self-Government426

The Transfer of Power428

Mutiny in the South430

The Independent Sudan431

GOVERNMENT AND ADMINISTRATION433

The Transitional Constitution433

The Central Government433

Local Government434

The Civil Service434

The Judiciary435

Security435

SOCIAL SURVEY436

Education436

Public Health437

Labour437

Cooperative Societies438

ECONOMIC SURVEY438

Agriculture and Forests439

Irrigation441

The Gezira Scheme441

Other Agricultural Development443

Foreign Trade444

Communications445

Economic Policy446

Development448

11．STRIA450

1．SYRIA AND LEBANON450

THE LAND AND THE PEOPLE：The People452

HISTORY：The French Mandate457

2．SYRIA460

POST-WAR HISTORY AND POLITICS：469

The Constitution469

Political Parties469

Foreign Policy471

SOCIAL SURVEY：473

Health473

Education474

ECONOMIC SURVEY：474

National Income474

Agriculture475

Industry478

Communications479

Commerce481

Foreign Trade481

Currency and Banking483

Public Finance and Development485

Conclusion487

12．TURKEY488

THE LAND AND THE PEOPLE488

The Turks489

The Population490

Immigration492

HISTORY AND POLITICS493

The Ottoman Empire493

The Republic and the Constitution495

The Reforms496

Democracy in Action497

Administration498

Foreign Relations499

The Armed Forces504

SOCIAL SURVEY504

General Structure504

Women and Family Life505

Housing and Clothing505

Health506

Education507

Religion509

The Arts510

The Press510

Labour511

ECONOMIC SURVEY512

General Economy512

Agricultural Production513

Agricultural Development and Land Tenure515

Forestry and Fishing517

Mining517

Electric Power518

Industrial Production519

Etatism and Private Investment521

Foreign Aid and Investment522

Banking524

The National Budget524

The Public Debt525

Price Trends and Internal Trade526

Transport and Communications526

Foreign Trade528

CONCLUSION531

POSTSCRIPT532

APPENDICES534

Ⅰ．Statistics：General Data534

1．Growth of Population534

2．Estimates of Area and Population535

3．Agricultural Production536

4．National Income in Selected Countries537

5．Official Currency Values538

6．Cost-of-Living Indices538

7．Value of Middle East Trade538

8．Direction of Trade539

Ⅱ．Middle East Oil in the World Economy540

1．Proven Reserves of Oil540

2．World Production and Consumption，1938—56541

3．Principal Oil Producing Companies and Concessions in the Middle East542

4．Middle East Crude Oil and Natural Gasolene Production，1938-56545

5．Principal Crude Oil Pipelines in the Middle East545

6．Refineries in the Middle East546

7．Tankers Passing through the Suez Canal，1938-55546

READING LIST547

INDEX557