《The Middle East A History》

1．Geographic Prologue3

2．Pre-Islamie Politics and Society in the Middle East10

PART Ⅰ．THE RISE AND SPREAD OF ISLAM27

3．Muhammad：His Life and Leadership29

4．The Establishment of the Muslim State44

5．Islam58

6．The Spread and Organization of the Muslim Empire under the Umayyads69

7．The Flowering of the Muslim World under the Abbasids83

8．Muslim Theology and Law97

9．Muslim Culture111

10．The End of Medieval Islam133

PART Ⅱ．THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE147

11．The Byzantine Empire149

12．Early Turkish States of Asia Minor161

13．Ottoman Origins and Early Institutions171

14．The Winning of the Ottoman Empire182

15．Building the Ottoman Empire195

16．Institutions of the Ottoman Empire208

17．The Ottoman Empire as a World Power218

18．A Century of Stagnation and Decay235

19．The Decline and Retreat of the Ottoman Empire246

PART Ⅲ．EUROPEAN IMPERIALISM IN THE MODERN MIDDLE EAST259

20．The Era of the French Revolution and Napoleon261

21．Mahmud Ⅱ—Nationalism and Reform269

22．Muhammad Ali and the Development of Modern Egypt279

23．European Ambitions and Diplomacy in the Middle East295

24．From Tanzimat to the Constitution315

25．Abdul Hamid Ⅱ and Despotism325

26．The Young Turks338

27．Arab Nationalism350

PART Ⅳ．THE CONTEMPORARY MIDDLE EAST359

28．Impact of World War I upon the Middle East361

29．The Middle East at the Paris Peace Conference376

30．The Turkish Republic under Atatürk390

31．The Fertile Crescent under the Mandate System407

32．Palestine and Transjordan427

33．Egypt and the Sudan448

34．Shah Reza＇s Iran464

35．World War Ⅱ and the Middle East476

36．Turkey Becomes a Democracy492

37．Iran—Nationalism Versus Imperialism504

38．Oil and Arabia524

39．The Arab Crescent and the Arab League549

40．The Partition of Palestine：Israel and Hashimite Jordan577

41．The Advent of the Egyptian Republic608

42．World Interest in the Middle East644

Index650