《Markov Learning Models For Multiperson Interactions》

CHAPTER 1．THE THEORY1

1．1．Introduction1

1．2．Stimulus-Sampling-Theory of Learning5

1．3．Simple Example：Markov Model for Noncontingent Case10

1．4．Markov Model for Zero-Sum，Two-Person Games23

1．5．Alternative Linear Model31

1．6．Comparisons with Game Theory33

1．7．Hypothesis Models37

1．8．Survey of Recent Literature42

1．9．Summary46

CHAPTER 2．METHODS OF ANALYSIS47

2．1．Introduction47

2．2．Maximum-Likelihood Estimates48

2．3．Pseudomaximum-Likelihood Estimates51

2．4．Some Statistical Tests for Markov Chains56

2．5．Estimation of Transition Numbers in Multi-Element Models60

2．6．Generalized Conditioning Model71

2．7．Summary77

CHAPTER 3．SOME ZERO-SUM，TWO-PERSON SITUATIONS78

3．1．Introduction78

3．2．Experimental Method81

3．3．Mean Learning Curves and Asymptotic Results83

3．4．Tests for Markov Properties87

3．5．Estimate of θ and Predicted Asymptotic Variance88

3．6．Game-Theory Comparisons90

3．7．Multi-Element Models95

3．8．Generalized Conditioning Model104

3．9．Summary108

CHAPTER 4．SOME NON-ZERO-SUM，TWO-PERSON SITUATIONS109

4．1．Introduction109

4．2．Model110

4．3．Experimental Method113

4．4．Mean Learning Curves and Asymptotic Results114

4．5．Estimates of θA and θB117

4．6．Tests for Markov Properties119

4．7．Game-Theory Comparisons120

4．8．Generalized Conditioning Model123

4．9．Summary127

CHAPTER 5．A SYMMETRIC NON-ZERO-SUM SITUATION128

5．1．Theoretical Description128

5．2．Experimental Method129

5．3．Mean Learning Curves130

5．4．Maximum-Likelihood Estimate of θ and Related Predictions131

5．5．Tests for Markov Properties132

5．6．Game-Theory Comparisons132

5．7．Generalized Conditioning Model133

5．8．Summary135

CHAPTER 6．COMMUNICATION AND DISCRIMINATION IN TWO-PERSON SITUATIONS136

6．1．Introduction136

6．2．Model140

6．3．Experimental Method143

6．4．Mean Learning Curves and Asymptotic Results145

6．5．Estimate of θ and Predicted Asymptotic Transitions148

6．6．Game-Theory Comparisons150

6．7．Summary152

CHAPTER 7．ANOTHER COMMUNICATION STUDY153

7．1．Introduction153

7．2．Model154

7．3．Experimental Method157

7．4．Mean Learning Curves and Asymptotic Results159

7．5．Asymptotic Transition Data162

7．6．Summary165

CHAPTER 8．A THREE-PERSON，SIMPLE MAJORITY SITUATION166

8．1．General Description of the Situation166

8．2．Model167

8．3．Experimental Method172

8．4．Mean Learning Curves and Asymptotic Results172

8．5．Estimates of θ in Terms of ？(Oi)175

8．6．Tests for Markov Properties176

8．7．Maximum-Likelihood Estimate of θ and Predicted Transition Probabilities176

8．8．Game-Theory Comparisons178

8．9．Summary180

CHAPTER 9．DISPLAY OF PAYOFF MATRIX181

9．1．Theoretical Description181

9．2．Experimental Method182

9．3．Tests for Differences Among Experimental Conditions185

9．4．Mean Learning Curves and Asymptotic Results186

9．5．Game-Theory Comparisons189

9．6．Tests for Markov Properties190

9．7．Generalized Conditioning Model190

9．8．Summary193

CHAPTER 10．MONETARY PAYOFFS AND NONCONTINGENT REINFORCEMENT SCHEDULES194

10．1．Introduction194

10．2．Experimental Method196

10．3．Mean Learning Curves and Asymptotic Results197

10．4．Tests for Markov Properties199

10．5．Generalized Conditioning Model200

10．6．Application of the Multi-Element Model205

10．7．Application of the Linear Model217

10．8．Application of a Hypothesis Model222

10．9．A Memory Model227

10．10．Summary230

CHAPTER 11．UTILITY FUNCTIONS232

11．1．Introduction232

11．2．Model234

11．3．Experimental Method237

11．4．Mean Learning Curves and Transition Data239

11．5．Maximum-Likelihood Estimates of the Conditioning Parameters and Predicted Asymptotes240

11．6．An Alternative Interpretation of Conditioning241

11．7．Utility Functions；Luce＇s Multiplication Rule243

11．8．A Third Interpretation of Conditioning246

11．9．An Observing-Response Model of Choice Behavior247

11．10．Brief Account of a Second Experiment252

11．11．Summary254

CHAPTER 12．EXTENSIONS AND CONCLUSIONS256

12．1．Introduction256

12．2．Social Conformity256

12．3．Economic Oligopoly265

12．4．Continuous Games271

12．5．Conclusions278

BIBLIOGRAPHY285

AUTHOR INDEX291

SUBJECT INDEX293