《FOURTH SYMPOSIUM》

Introduction to the Fourth Symposium （International） on Combustion, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, September 1-5, 1952, by Bernard Lewis1

SURVEY PAPERS4

1.Limits of Inflammability Sir Alfred C.Egerton4

2.The Problem of Ignition Guenther von Elbe13

3.Methods of Measuring Burning Velocities J.W.Linnett20

4.The Structure of Laminar Flames Melvin Gerstein35

5.Instability Phenomena in Combustion Waves George H.Markstein44

6.Open Turbulent Flames Bela Karlovitz60

7.Quenching, Flash-back, Blow-off—Theory and Experiment Kurt Wokl68

8.Flame Stabilization by Bluff Bodies and Turbulent Flames in Ducts J.P.Longwell90

9.Burning in Laminar and Turbulent Fuel Jets H.C.Hottel97

FLAMMABILITY114

10.Ignition by Condenser Sparks.Regions of Flammability of Ethane, Propane, n-Butane and n-Pentane P.Laffitte and R.Delbourgo114

11.The Determination and Graphic Representation of the Limits of Flammability of Complex Hydrocarbon Fuels at Low Temperatures and Pressures M.G.Zabetakis and J.K.Rich-mond121

12.Investigation and Interpretation of the Flammability Region for Some Lean Hydrocarbon-Air Mixtures Dorothy M.Simon, Frank E.Belles, and Adolph E.Spakowski126

IGNITION139

13.Observations of the Ignition and Incipient Flame Growth in Hydrocarbon-Air Mixtures J.S.Arnold and R.K.Sherburne139

14.Propagation of Incipient Spark-Ignited Flames in Hydrogen-Air and Propane-Air Mixtures H.L.Olsen, E.L.Gayhart, and R.B.Edmonson144

15.Effect of Ultrasonic Waves on Flame Propagation and Spark Ignition Seiichiro Kumagai,Tadami Sakai,and Itsuro Kimura148

16.Heat Transfer in Hot Wire Ignition Elwyn Jones151

17.Thermal Theory of Solid-Propellant Ignition by Hot Wires David Allman and Arthur F.Grant, Jr158

18.The Development of Combustion and Explosion in Liquids and Solids F.P.Bowden161

THEORETICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES ON LAMINAR COMBUSTION AND DETONATION WAVES173

19.Thermal Theory of a Laminar Flame Front near a Cold Wall Theodore von Karman and Gregorio Millan173

20.On the Structure of Stationary Flames Maurice Roy178

21.The Existence and Stability of Simple, One-dimensional, Steady-state Combustion Waves.Waves John M.Richardson182

22.The Theory of Flames and Detonations J.O.Hirschfelder, C.F.Curtiss, and Dorothy E.Campbell190

23.Mechanism of Formation of CH, C2, OH, and HCO Radicals in Flames A.G.Gaydon and H.G.Wolfhard211

24.Quantitative Studies of Apparent Rotational Temperatures of OH at Low-pressures in Emission and Absorption S.S.Penner218

25.Activation Energies in High Temperature Combustion John B.Fenn and Hartwell F.Cdlcote231

26.The Combustion of Hydrazine G.K.Adams and G.W.Stocks239

27.Carbon Formation in the Combustion Wave George Porter248

28.Quantitative Spectrographic Investigation of Flames P.Ausloos and A.Van Tiggelen252

29.Measurement of the Temperature Profile in a Laminar Flame Raymond Friedman259

30.Temperature Distribution in Flame Reaction Zones G.Dixon-Lewis263

31.Temperature Profiles in Propane-Air Flame Fronts R.M.Fristrom, R.Prescott, R.K.Neu-mann,and W.H.Avery267

32.The Estimation of Atomic Oxygen in Open Flames and the Measurement of Temperature A.Smeeton Leak and N.Carpenter274

33.Resistance-Thermometer Measurements in a Low-pressure Flame Mitchell Gilbert and John H.Lobdell285

34.A Method of Analysis of a Plane Combustion Wave J.H.Burgoyne and F.Weinberg294

35.Flame Velocities of Hydrocarbon-Oxygen-Nitrogen Mixtures Gordon L.Dugger and Dorothy D.Graab302

36.Burning Velocities of Methane with Nitrogen-Oxygen, Argon-Oxygen, and Helium-Oxygen Mixtures William H.Clingman, Jr., Richard S.Brokaw, and Robert N.Pease310

37.Some Effects of Inert Diluents in Flame Speeds and Temperatures Gerry H.Morgan and Walter R.Kane313

38.Flame Propagation: The Influence of Pressure on the Burning Velocities of Flat Flames. Sir Alfred Egerton and D.Sen321

39.An Improved Soap Bubble Method of Measuring Flame Velocities R.A.Strehlow and Joseph G.Stuart329

40.Prediction of Flame Velocities of Hydrocarbon Flames Gordon L.Dugger and Dorothy M.Simon336

41.The Influence of Atmospheric Oxygen on Bunsen Flames John F.Byrne345

42.Studies of Combustion Waves in Solids R.A.W.Hill and T.L.Cottrell349

43.Burning-Velocity Measurements on Slot Burners; Comparison with Cylindrical Burner De-terminations J.M.Singer352

44.Burning-Velocity Measurements in a Spherical Vessel with Central Ignition John Manton,Guenther von Elbe, and Bernard Lewis358

45.Factors Affecting Flame Velocity in Stoichiometric Carbon Monoxide-Oxygen Mixtures T.W.Price and J.H.Potter363

46.The Effect of Gaseous Additions on the Burning Velocity of Propane-Air Mixtures D.B.Leason369

47.Decomposition Flame Studies with Ethylene Oxide Melvin Gerstein, Glen E.McDonald, and Rose L.Schalla375

48.Closed-Vessel Hydrogen-Air Explosions at High Pressures J.Yampolsky and C.F.Price384

49.A Comparison of Schlieren, Shadow and Luminous Methods of Determining Burning Veloci-ties F.H.Garner, R.Long, and B.Thorley386

50.High-speed （3000 Frames-Sec.） Photography of Low Pressure, Spark-ignited Explosions of Methane and of Hydrogen in Oxygen A.C.Egerton, A.J.Everett, and G.J.Minkoff392

51.Some Observations by Schlieren Technique of the Propagation of Flames in a Closed Vessel A.C.Egerton, O.A.Saunders, A.H.Lefebvre, and N.P.W.Moore396

52.Changes in the Shape of Flames Propagating in Tubes H.Guenocke and M.Jouy403

53.The Influence of Inert Gases on Some Flame Phenomena C.E.Mellish and J.W.Linnett407

54.Some Characteristics of Flames Supported by NO and NO2 W.G.Parker and H.G.Wolf-hard420

55.The Propagation of Cool Flames J.R.Grove and A.D.Walsh429

56.Similarity Laws of Deflagration F.Schultz-Grunow439

57.On the Aerodynamic Field of Stabilized Flames J.Fabri, R.Siestrunck, and C.Foure443

58.On the Structure of Plane Detonation Waves with Finite Reaction Velocity Stuart R.Brink-ley,Jr.and John M.Richardson450

59.Equation of State for Hot Dense Gases and Molecular Theory of Detonation Taro Kihara and Tsutomu Hikita458

60.The Possibility of Weak Detonation Waves A.R.Ubbelohde464

61.Contact Transmission of Detonation S.Paterson468

62.Gasdynamic Analysis of the Development of Gaseous Detonation and Its Hydraulic Analogy A.K.Oppenheim471

63.Study of the Mechanism of Transmission of Detonation L.Deffet, M.De Coster, and P.J.Vande Wouwer481

64.Contribution to the Study of Spherical Detonation Waves N.Manson and F.Ferrie486

65.Detonation and Shock in a Hollow Explosive Cylinder. Morton Sultanoff494

66.Some Properties of Stationary Detonation Waves R.Siestrunck, J.Fabri, and E.Le Grives498

67.Some Experiments on the Initiation of Detonation in 2 H2-O2 Mixtures by Uniform Shock Waves James A.Fay501

68.Some New Methods of Fast Photography and Their Application to Combustion Processes J.S.Courtney-Pratl508

CELLULAR FLAMES AND OSCILLATORY COMBUSTION527

69.Cellular Flame Structure and Vibratory Flame Movement in N-Butane-Methane Mixtures G.H.Markslein and L.M.Somers527

70.Observations on Disturbed Flames W.Jost, Joachim Krug, and L.Sieg535

71.Flame Instabilities and Combustion Mechanism H.Behrens538

72.The Formation and Some Properties of Polyhedral Burner Flames J.E.Garside and B.Jackson545

73.Driving Standing Waves by Heat Addition Perry L.Blackshear, Jr553

74.Organ-pipe Oscillations in a Flame-filled Tube Abbott A.Putnam and William R.Dennis566

75.An Investigation of Vibrating Flames W.E.Kaskan575

76.Combustion inside Refractory Tubes A.H.Howland and W.A.Simmonds592

77.On the Generation of Pressure Waves at a Plane Flame Front Boa-Teh Chu603

TURBULENT FLAMES613

78.Studies on Turbulent Flames.A.Flame Propagation Across Velocity Gradients; B.Turbu-lance Measurement in Flames B.Karlovitz, D.W.Denniston, Jr., D.H.Knapschaefer,and F.E.Wells613

79.The Burning Velocity of Turbulent Flames Kurt Wohl, L.Shore,H.Von Rosenberg, and C.W.Weil620

80.The Influence of Isotropic Turbulence on Flame Propagation H.C.Hottel, G.C.Williams,and R.S.Levine636

81.Propagation of Turbulent Flames A.C.Scurlock and J.H.Grover645

82.Flame and Schlieren Photographs of Combustion Waves in Tubes Ernst H.W.Schmidt,H.Steinicke, and U.Neubert658

83.The Effect of Turbulence on Flame Propagation in Gases Seiichiro Kumagai and Itsuro Kimura667

84.A Study of Free Flames in Turbulent Streams E.S.Starkman, L.P.Haxby, and A.G.Cattaneo670

85.Some Effects of Turbulence on Combustion F.W.Bowditch674

86.The Electrical Noise of Turbulent Flames R.S.Marsden, Jr683

QUENCHING, FLASH BACK, AND BLOW OFF689

87.Sintered Metals as Flame Traps A.C.Egerton, A.J.Everett, and N.P.W.Moore689

88.Flame Stabilization on Burners with Short Ports or Noncircular Ports Joseph Grumer,Margaret E.Harris, and Harold Schultz695

89.Physical Characteristics and Stability of Some Low-Temperature Flames: The Hydrogen-Bromine System Victor D.Phillips, Tom D.Brotherton, and Robbin C.Anderson701

90.On the Extinction Limit of Laminar Flames Abbott A.Putnam and L.Robert Smith708

STABILIZATION BY FLAME HOLDERS715

91.Flame Stabilization in Air-Fuel Spray Mixtures.Ⅰ.Characteristics of a Transverse Rod Stabilizer H.C.Hottel and Walter G.May.Ⅱ.The Effect of Stabilizer Dimensions.Glenn C.Williams and Frank E.Maddocks, Jr715

92.Some Properties of Rod-stabilized Flames of Homogeneous Gas Mixtures Glenn C.Wil-liams and C.W.Shipman733

93.The Influence of Flame Holder Temperature on Flame Stabilization M.J.Russi, I.Cornet,and R.Cornog743

94.The Effect of Flameholder Geometry on Combustion Efficiency in Ducted Burners Emery C.Wilkerson and John B.Fenn749

95.The Engineering Application of Combustion Research to Ramjet Engines J.Friedman,W.J.Bennet,and E.B.Zwick756

FLAMES OF FUEL JETS765

96.Diffusion Flames John Barr765

97.Problems of Turbulent Diffusion and Flame Jet Sakae Yagi and Kenjiro Saji771

98.Heterogeneous Combustion of Gases in a Vortex System H.C.Hottel and R.A.Person781

99.Combustion Length of Enclosed Turbulent Jet Flames M.W.Thring and M.P.Newby789

100.Minimum Depth of the Flame Front for Stable Combustion and Maximum Time Mean Energy Release Rates over an Interval of Combustion Progress for Second-order Reactions in a Gaseous System at Constant Pressure W.J.Wohlenberg796

101.Turbulent Diffusion Flames Ikutaro Sawai, Masanaga Kunugi, and Hiroshi Jinno806

102.The Relation between Sampling-tube Measurements and Concentration Fluctuations in a Turbulent Gas Jet John M.Richardson, Henry C.Howard, Jr., and Robert W.Smith, Jr814

BURNING OF FUEL DROPLETS818

103.Studies of the Combustion of Drops in a Fuel Spray—The Burning of Single Drops of Fuel G.A.E.Godsave818

104.Combustion Studies of Droplet-Vapor Systems C.A.Gregory, Jr.and H.F.Calcote830

105.An Experimental Study of the Burning of Single Drops of Fuel in Air at Pressures up to Twenty Atmospheres A.R.Hall and J.Diederichsen837

106.The Combustion of Liquid Fuels D.B.Spalding847

COMBUSTION IN ROCKETS AND ENGINES865

107.High Frequency Combustion Instability in Rockets with Distributed Combustion Luigi Crocco and Sin-I.Cheng865

108.Experimental Investigation of Combustion Instability in Rocket Motors Herbert Ellis,Irving Odgers, A.J.Stosick, N.Van De Verg, and Robert S.Wick880

109.The Mixing and Burning of Two Concentric Fluid Streams Joseph V.Charyk, Irvin Glass-man, and Richard R.John886

110.Combustion Instability in Solid-Propellant Rockets R.P.Smith and D.F.Sprenger893

111.Pyrotechnic Whistles W.R.Maxwell906

112.Augmented Flames in an Engine Combustion Chamber Kiroku Yamazaki and Kazuo Iinuma914

ROUND TABLE DISCUSSIONS919

1.Theoretical Studies of the Combustion Wave Panel Members: Robert N.Pease, Chairman,Theodore von Karman, Joseph O.Hirschfelder, and John M.Richardson919

2.Combustion in Turbulent Flames Panel Members: G.C.Williams, Chairman, Theodore von Karman, Bela Karlovitz, Frank E.Marble, and W.J.Wohlenberg923