《ACCCN'S CRITICAL CARE NURSING》

Section 1The Scope of Critical Care1

1 Scope of Critical Care Practice3

Development of Critical Care Nursing4

Roles of Critical Care Nurses5

Clinical Decision Making6

Leadership in Critical Care Nursing8

Patient Safety10

Summary11

2 Resourcing Critical Care15

Ethical Allocation and Utilisation ofResources16

Historical Influences on Resourcing of CriticalCare Services16

Economic Considerations and Principles17

Critical Care Environment18

Staff18

Equipment23

Budget24

Risk Management26

Summary28

3 Clinical Information33

Clinical Instruments35

Health Outcomes Measurement Following aCritical Illness41

Quality Monitoring45

Information and CommunicationsTechnologies46

Databases and Registries48

Summary49

4 Practice Development57

Evidence-Based Nursing58

Principles of Practice Development60

Strategies for Implementing PracticeDevelopment61

Evaluating Practice Development Initiatives64

Practice Development and Links to Educationand Research64

Summary65

5 Care Across the Continuum71

Background72

ICU Transitions72

ICU Outreach75

Patient Outcomes and Experiences after ICUDischarge78

Summary79

6 Ethical Issues in Critical Care87

Principles, Rights and the Link with Law88

End-of-Life Decision Making91

Brain Death95

Ethics in Research96

Summary100

Section 2Principles and Practice ofCritical Care107

7 Assessment, Monitoring and Diagnostics109

Related Physiology110

Physical Assessment114

Heart Rate and Rhythm Monitoring115

Haemodynamic Monitoring119

Respiratory Monitoring129

Neurological Monitoring135

Bedside/Laboratory Investigations139

Diagnostic Procedures141

Summary145

8 Psychosocial and Cultural Care of theCritically Ill153

Overview of Models of Care155

Cultural Care165

Religious Considerations173

End-of-life Issues and Bereavement173

Summary176

9 Essential Nursing Care of the Critically IllPatient187

Personal Hygiene188

Eye Care190

Oral Hygiene191

Positioning the Patient193

Bowel Management196

Urinary Catheter Care198

Infection Control in the Critical Care Unit:General Principles199

Transfer of Critically Ill Patients: GeneralPrinciples203

Summary205

10 Support of Cardiovascular Function215

Related Anatomy and Physiology216

Pathophysiology223

Coronary Heart Disease227

Arrhythmias and Arrhythmia Management238

Cardiogenic Shock250

Summary255

11 Support of Respiratory Function263

Related Anatomy and Physiology264

Pathophysiology269

Epidemiology of Respiratory Disorders270

Principles of Nursing Practice271

Clinical Management274

Common Clinical States288

Summary297

12 Support of Neurological Function307

Neurological Anatomy and Physiology308

Concepts of Neurological Dysfunction325

Neurological Therapeutic Management331

Central Nervous System Disorders339

Summary359

13 Support of Renal Function367

Related Anatomy and Physiology369

Pathophysiology and Classification of RenalFailure372

Clinical Assessment of Acute Renal Failure375

Clinical Management of ARF376

Artificial Kidney Treatment and the Historyof Dialysis377

Techniques in Renal Replacement Therapy379

Summary390

14 Support of Metabolic Function397

Gastrointestinal Physiology and the Effect ofCritical Illness398

Nutrition401

The Role of Steroid Therapy in Critical Illness409

The Role of Glycaemic Control in CriticalIllness412

Support for the Patient with LiverDysfunction414

Summary421

15 Management of Multi-OrganDysfunctions435

Related Anatomy and Physiology436

Pathophysiology437

Organ Failure441

Organ Dysfunction/Failure449

Summary454

Section 3Specialty Practice in CriticalCare463

16 Emergency Presentations465

Background466

Emergency System and Processes466

Common Presentations474

Summary496

17 Trauma Management503

Trauma Systems and Processes504

Common Clinical Presentations506

Summary528

18 Resuscitation533

Background534

Pathophysiology534

Resuscitation Systems and Processes534

Management535

Roles during Cardiac Arrest550

Family Presence during an Arrest550

Ceasing CPR550

Postresuscitation Phase551

Near-Death Experiences551

Legal and Ethical Considerations551

Summary552

19 Specialty Cardiac Care559

Heart Failure560

Cardiac Pacing568

Ablation576

Cardioversion577

Intra-Aortic Balloon Pumping578

Selected Cases584

Cardiac Surgery587

Summary598

20 Paediatric Considerations in Critical Care605

Anatomical and PhysiologicalConsiderations in Critically Ill Children607

Developmental Considerations611

Family Issues and Consent612

The Child Experiencing Upper AirwayObstruction612

The Child Experiencing Lower Airway Disease618

Nursing the Ventilated Child621

The Child Experiencing Shock623

The Child Experiencing Acute NeurologicalDysfunction626

Renal Failure in Children628

Gastrointestinal Tract Disorders in Children628

Paediatric Trauma631

Summary634

21 Organ Donation and Transplantation643

'Opt-in' System of Donation in Australia andNew Zealand644

Types of Donor and Donation644

Organ Donation and Transplant Networks inAustralasia644

Organ and Tissue Donation646

Donation after Cardiac Death655

Tissue-Only Donor656

Nursing Management of TransplantRecipients657

Heart Transplantation658

Lung Transplantation665

Liver Transplantation671

Conclusion677

Summary677

APPENDIX A1 Declaration of Madrid:Education689

APPENDIX A2 Declaration of Buenos Aires:Workforce691

APPENDIX B1 ACCCN Position Statement（2006） on the Provision of Critical CareNursing Education693

APPENDIX B2 ACCCN ICU Staffing PositionStatement （2003） on Intensive CareNursing Staffing695

APPENDIX B3 Position Statement （2006） onthe Use of Healthcare Workers other thanDivision 1 * Registered Nurses inIntensive Care697

APPENDIX B4 ACCCN Resuscitation PositionStatement （2006）—AdultPaediatricResuscitation by Nurses699

APPENDIX C Normal Values701

GLOSSARY705

ABBREVIATIONS711

lNDEX715