《THE SCIENTIFIC BASIS OF HEALTH AND SAFETY REGULATION》求取 ⇩

Introduction and Summary1

Scientific Issues Underlying Regulation3

Coping with Scientific Uncertainty3

Institutional Restraints on Rational Decisionmaking5

The Case Studies6

Lessons from the Case Studies13

Conclusion16

PART ONE: PASSIVE RESTRAINTS19

A Scientist's View21

The Effectiveness of Passive Restraint Systems22

Potential Effectiveness of Lap-Shoulder Belts24

Analyses of Fatalities26

Analyses of Fatal and Serious Injury Cases27

Data on Crash Severity28

An Analogy30

Problems with the Data30

Conclusions33

An Economist's View37

Social Welfare and Individual Behavior38

Financial Incentives versus Standards39

The Effectiveness and Social Benefits of Mandatory Passive Restraints40

The Value of Safety Gained and the Costs of Safety Policy47

Toward Improved Highway Safety Policy51

A Regulator's View53

The Legal Basis for the Standard53

The Scientific Basis for the Standard54

Reviews of the Standard57

Evaluation of Automatic Crash Protection61

The Economics of Automatic Crash Protection64

Conclusions66

PART TWO: COTTON DUST69

A Scientist's View71

Epidemiology72

Clinical Signs and Symptoms81

Pathology83

Pathogenesis84

Treatment89

Prevention90

An Economist's View93

Byssinosis94

The Cotton Dust Standard96

Cost-Effective Alternatives102

Costs and Benefits104

Conclusion108

A Regulator's View109

The Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970109

History of Cotton Dust Regulation110

Medical Evidence111

Feasibility Consideration112

Permissible Exposure Limit113

Summary114

PART THREE: SACCHARIN115

A Scientist's View117

Risk and Saccharin Consumption119

Regulatory Policy and Health127

An Economist's View131

The Saccharin Dilemma132

Approaches to Food Safety Policy134

The Decision Process Approach142

Conclusion150

A Regulator's View153

Facts That Influence Food Safety Decisions154

A History of the Food and Drug Administration's Regulation of Saccharin156

The Legal Framework for Food Additive Regulation161

The Saccharin Decision166

Consequences of Changing the Current Food Safety System168

PART FOUR: WATERBORNE CARCINOGENS171

A Scientist's View173

Organics in Drinking Water175

Carcinogenic Risk Evaluation from Animal Data176

Carcinogenic Risk Evaluation from Epidemiological Data183

Estimating the Carcinogenic Risks in Drinking Water191

Suggestions for Further Research195

An Economist's View197

Background199

Benefits of Removing Organic Contaminants from Drinking Water203

Costs of Removing Organic Contaminants from Drinking Water with Granular Activated Carbon216

Evaluating Benefits and Costs218

Conclusion223

A Regulator's View229

Evidence of Risks232

Risk Extrapolation233

The Trihalomethane Regulation238

Appendix: Net Benefits of Several Trihalomethane Levels243

PART FIVE: SULFUR DIOXIDE251

A Scientist's View253

Caveats and Questions254

Short-Term Effects257

Long-Term Effects259

Sulfates265

An Economist's View267

Making Estimates and Using Data270

The Effects of Sulfur Dioxide271

The Effects of Sulfates272

The Quantitative Relationship of the Sulfur Dioxide to Health273

A Cost-Benefit Analysis of Sulfur Abatement275

A Regulator's View279

Clear Air Legislation280

Air Quality Standards281

Effects of Air Pollution285

PART SIX: GENERAL COMMENTS289

David S. Potter290

Marvin Schneiderman297

Conference Participants301

Index303