《RESOURCE MANAGEMENT AND THE OCEANS: THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF DEEP SEABDE MINING KURT MICHAEL SHUSTE》

1. OCEAN MINING: A COMPLEX POLICY ISSSUE1

Introduction1

Ocean Management: A Brief History4

Nature of the Manganese Nodule Resource13

UNCLOS III, NIEO, and the Group of 7714

Notes18

2. UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT: POLITICAL AND INSTITUTIONAL RESPONSES23

Introduction23

The Pattern of United States Ocean Mining Policy Formation30

Unilateral Mining Legislation33

Foreign and Domestic Policy Concerns44

Security and Supply44

Defense Issues49

Problems of an Uncoordinated Approach to Ocean Resource Policy52

Notes57

3. MINING THE DEEP SEABED: A COMPLEX AND INNOVATIVE INDUSTRY63

Introduction63

The Nature and Make-up of the Ocean Mining Industry64

Early Developments in the Industry64

The Technology of Mineral Exploitation65

The Costs to the Consortia68

Bank Loans: Unavailable74

Elusive Profits74

The International Metals Market: Low Demand77

Risks88

Need for Strong Government Support90

Industry's Efforts to Influence U.S. Ocean Mining Policy93

Concluding Remarks95

Notes97

4. UNCLO III, THE GROUP OF 77, AND THE NEW INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC ORDER (NIEO)15

Introduction105

Attempts to Shape a NIEO107

Technology Transfer112

Ideological Differences between the First and Third World Nations119

Political and Economic Changes in the International Environment126

Notes128

5. COMPLEX INTERDEPENDENCE AND THE POLITICAL PROCESS OF OCEAN POLITICS133

Introduction133

The Interdependent Nature of International Ocean Resource Management133

The Role of International Organizations in Shaping International Ocean Policy138

Alternatives to a Comprehensive Law of the Sea Treaty142

Three Scenarios150

Concluding Remarks153

Notes156

6. PRECEDENTS FOR OTHER GLOBAL COMMONS161

Introduction161

Deep Seabed Mining and Other Resource Commons: Similarities and Differences162

Antarctica171

The Antarctic Treaty172

Current and Future Problems173

Possible Solutions178

Outer Space179

The Moon Treaty184

Concluding Remarks188

Notes189

7. THE CURRENT STATUS OF U.S. OCEAN MINING POLICY195

Overview195

Ocean Mining Under the Reagan Administration198

Polymetallic Sulfide Ore Deposits199

Summary200

Notes206

APPENDICES209

1. Principal Chemical and Physical Characteristics of Manganese Nodules210

2. Uses of Nodule Metals212

3. Findings and Purposes of P. L. 96-283213

4. Security of Supply and Availability of the Four Major Minerals Contained in Manganese Nodules220

5. Ocean Mining Systems227

6. Remote Controlled Vehicle (Shuttle) for Industrial Collection of Manganese Nodules236

7. Process for the Smelting of Manganese Nodules254

8. Highlights of the United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea, 1958-1982256

9. The National Ocean Industries Association: A List of "Fair and Reasonable" Terms for Technology Transfer259

10.Draft Convention on the Law of the Sea (Draft Text 1981) Section 5. Subsections A B. The Authority and The Assembly261

11. Draft Convention on the Law of the Sea (Draft Text 1981) Section 5. Subsection C. The Council266

12. A Description of Antarctica and its Major Resources and Environmental Problems274

13. The Antarctic Treaty283

14. Descriptions of the "Trusteeship Solution" and a "Joint Antarctic Resource Jurisdiction"290

15. Major Issues Involved in Outer Space Resource Use294

16. National Involvement in the Deep Seabed Mining Consortia299

SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY303

INDEX329