《IMAGES OF CONFLICT》

1. SOCIAL CONFLICT, PERCEPTION, AND COMMUNICATION: AN ORGANIZING FRAMEWORK1

The problem of Meaning1

The problem of Approach3

The problem of Organization5

The Nature of Perception6

The Perceptual Process7

The Nature of Communication9

The Communication Process10

Summary12

Notes13

Bibliography15

2. SOME PSYCHOLOGICAL DIMENSIONS OF PERCEPTION16

Selective Organization of Images16

How Goals Affect Wants and Beliefs17

The Nature of Conflict18

The Nature of Attitudes21

Racial Attitudes: Stereotypes22

Want Fulfillment and Frustration30

The Nature of Values31

Attitude Networks33

Summary36

Notes37

Bibliography38

3. THE CONTEXTS OF VIOLENT CONFLICT41

Group Conditions and Violent Conflict41

Relative Deprivation46

Punishment and Violent Conflict48

Cultural and Subcultural Norms49

Competitive and Cooperative Situations53

Bibliography57

4. PATTERNS OF RACIAL CONFLICT59

Profile of a Riot: Detroit, 196759

Theories of Rioting71

A General Theory of Urban Rioting76

General Preconditions of a Riot: Perceptions82

Immediate Preconditions of a Riot85

Patterns of Racial Conflict90

Notes93

Bibliography98

5. PATTERNS OF POLITICAL VIOLENCE103

Characteristics of Political Violence104

Examining Political Violence106

Mediating Conditions: Additional Factors116

Terror and Political Violence121

Patterns of Political Violence: Summary128

Notes129

Bibliography133

6. PATTERNS OF INTERNATIONAL CONFLICT136

Profile of a War: The October War of 1973136

Explaining War144

Subjective Preconditions of War147

Perceptions of the Enemy: Mirror Images151

Analysis of Foreign Policy Decision Making156

The Prewar Period: Factors and Patterns160

Notes165

Bibliography167

7. CONFLICT RESOLUTION: A STRATEGY OF BARGAINING170

Characteristics of Bargaining Situations170

The Effectiveness Approach172

The Use of Threats and Promises181

Notes184

Bibliography186

8. INTERNATIONAL NEGOTIATIONS: THE ROLE OF INDIVIDUAL PERCEPTIONS AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS188

A Profile of SALT: Environmental Factors189

American Negotiating Behavior: The Cognitive Approach195

Kissinger’s Instrumental Beliefs199

SALT: The Link Between Beliefs and Behavior205

Notes208

Bibliography209

9. CONCLUSIONS212

The Importance of Images212

The Importance of Context213

Motives, Goals, Patterns, and Processes214

Utilizing Conflict Research216

Minimizing Perceptual Errors and Increasing Empathy217

Directions for Future Analysis219

Index221